Hierarchical Routing

Region 1
1B 1A 1C 2C 2A

Region 2
2B
2D

5B

4A
3A 5A 3B 4B 4C 5E

5C

5D

Region 3

Region 5
Region 4

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Hierarchical Routing

Full table for 1A

Dest line hops
1A 1B 1C 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 1B 1C 1B 1B 1B 1B 1C 1 1 2 3 3 4 3

Hierarchical table for 1A

Dest Line hops

1A 1B 1C 2 3 4 5

1B 1C 1B 1C 1C 1C

1 1 2 2 3 4

3B
4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E
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1C
1C IC 1C 1C 1C 1B 1C 1C

2
3 4 4 4 5 5 6 5
Hierarchical Routing

Routing For Mobile Hosts

Users

Stationary Users

Migratory Users

Roaming Users

Mobile Users

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Routing for Mobile Hosts

Network designers View of the world

Wireless Cell
Home Agent

Mobile Host

Home LAN

Foreign Agent

WAN

Foreign LAN

MAN

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Routing for Mobile Hosts

Terminology
Areas: Small geographical units typically LANS or WIRELESS Foreign Agent: Keeps track of all the mobile users visiting the area. Home Agent: Keeps track of users whose home is in the area but currently visiting another area.
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Routing for Mobile Hosts

Registration Process of a Mobile User

Mobile Host Foreign Agent Home Agent

Asks for FA
Register
1 2

Contacts Examines timestamp present the in the security information

Registered/ Not

Ack to proceed/stop

Home address, current DLL address & security information Foreign Agents Network address & security information
Routing for Mobile Hosts
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Packet Routing for Mobile Users

Mobile User 3 4 Users Home Address Home Agent 2 1

Foreign Agent

1. Packet is sent to the mobile hosts home address.

2. Packet is tunneled to the foreign agent.

3. Sender is given the foreign agents address. 4. Subsequent packets are tunneled to the foreign agent.
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Routing for Mobile Hosts

Broadcast Routing
Sending packets to all destinations simultaneously. Various methods for broadcasting: 1. Separately addressed packets. 2. Flooding 3. Multidimensional routing. 4. Spanning tree. 5. Reverse path forwarding.
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Broadcast Routing

1. Separately Addressed Packets

Source sends a packet to each of the destination. Disadvantage:

Wastage of bandwidth. Source needs to know the complete list of destinations.

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Broadcast Routing

2. Flooding
In this technique, source sends packets on all its outgoing lines. Disadvantage:

Generates too many packets Bandwidth consumption is more.

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Broadcast Routing

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3. Multi-destination routing
In this method each packet contains either a list of destinations or a bit map indicating the desired destination.

Packet arrives

Out going lines

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Broadcast Routing

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4. Spanning Tree
A spanning tree is a subset of the subnet that includes all the routers but contains no loops.

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Broadcast Routing

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12

7-8 4-5 4-3 2-1 4-7 1-3 7-6 8-6 2-4 5-6 3-5 2 3 6 8 12 12 15 16 16 19 21
3 21

16 4

3 5 15 8

12

12 6 3 3 5

19
6

2 4 12 15

7 2

16

Weighted Graph

7 2

Spanning Tree
13

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Broadcast Routing

Spanning Tree
Advantage: 1. Makes excellent use of bandwidth 2. Minimum number of packets are generated Disadvantage: Each router must have some knowledge of the spanning tree.

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Broadcast Routing

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5. Reverse Path Forwarding

In this method, the router forwards only the packets that have traveled the shortest path from source to router, all other copies are discarded.Shortest Path
Packet is discarded
Arrival R Departure Departure Arrival Departure
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Packet is Forwarded

Not the shortest path

Broadcast Routing

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Multicasting
A technique in which messages are sent to well defined groups which are numerically large in size but small compare to the network as a whole.

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Multicast Routing

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A Subnet

1
2 1,2 2 2

Spanning tree for the leftmost 1 router 2 1,2 2 2

1,2

1,2

1 1 2 2 2 2

Multicast tree for group 1

2 1 1

Multicast tree for group 2 1

1
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1
Multicast Routing

1
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Pruning of spanning tree

The following 2 ways can be used:

Link State Routing. Distance Vector Routing.

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Multicast Routing

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