Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pharmacology
- Science that deals with the fate of the drugs in the body and their actions on the body. - Closely related to
Pharmacy
Science of the preparation of drugs
Therapeutics
Treatment of disease, by drugs and other means Both a basic (i.e., molecules, cells, organ, etc) and clinically applied science (i.e., on human species for treatment of disease)
Purpose of Pharmacology
- To test drugs quantitatively and standardize them so that they are available to the doctor and patient in uniform and dependable forms. - To determine how drugs produce their effects
What is a Drug?
Any substance, other than a normal constituent of the body or one that is required for normal body function (e.g., food, water, oxygen), that when applied to or introduced into a living organism, has the effect of altering body function/s.
Generic name
Name the manufacturer gives a drug Nonproprietary drug, not protected by trademark Lowercase letter
Generic Drugs
Must be equivalent to the brand-name drugs FDA has an A/B rating system to establish therapeutic equivalence of generic drugs FDA has identified generics not therapeutically equivalent; in Orange Book
Generic Drugs
Patent grants the sponsor the sole right to manufacture a drug while the patent is in effect Under a patent, generic and brand name of a drug belong to the drug sponsor Once patent expires, other companies can produce this drug as a generic
Components of a Drug
Active Ingredients --- the substance or substances that produce the pharmacological and therapeutic action.
Inactive or Inert Ingredients --- the substance or substances that have no therapeutic effect but are necessary in the formulation of the preparation.
Medicinal Drugs
Pharmacologic effects
Drug actions on living system
Classifications
Therapeutic drugs: relieve symptoms of a disease Prophylactic drugs: prevent or decrease the severity of disease
11
Biopharmaceuticals
Produced by recombinant DNA technology
12
Classifications of Drugs
According to origin: Natural Preparation or galenicals Pure compounds Semi-synthetic substances Purely synthetic compounds
Pharmacognosy
Study and identification of natural sources for drugs
Plants, animals, minerals, chemicals, Ergotamine from rye fungi, digoxin from foxglove, and morphine from the opium poppy
14
Classifications of Drugs
According to its preparation:
Classifications of Drugs
According to BFAD product registration: Prescription Drugs or Ethical Drugs Non-Prescription Drugs or Over-theCounter (OTC) Drugs. Dangerous Drugs * Prohibited Regulated
* These can be bought only with special prescriptions controlled by the Dangerous Drugs Board like the S-2 prescription.
Classifications of Drugs
According to therapeutic action (Philippine National Drug Formulary ):
Drugs Acting on the Nervous System Drugs Acting on the Musculoskeletal System and Joints Anti-Infectives Immunologicals Cardiovascular Drugs Diuretics Respiratory Drugs Anti-Allergics Antineoplastics and Immunosuppressants Drugs Affecting the Blood Blood Products and Blood Substitutes
Classifications of Drugs
According to therapeutic action:
(Philippine National Drug Formulary ):
Antidotes Gastrointestinal Drugs Hormones and Hormone Antagonists Drugs Acting on the Uterus Solutions Correcting Water Electrolyte, Acid-Base, and Caloric Disturbances Diagnostic Agents Dermatologicals and Mucous Membrane Agents (Topical) Opthalmological Preparations Ear, Nose, and Throat Preparations Vitamins and Minerals Disinfectants
Figure 4.B. Routes of drug administration in relation to biological barriers to drug diffus
Alternative Medicine
Billions of dollars are spent every year on alternative medicine Includes herbs, supplements, and homeopathic remedies
21
22
23
24
25
Based on all available information, drugs are grouped into safety categories for use during pregnancy
26
C
D X
Caution is advised
Is a definite risk Do not use
27
Postmarketing Surveillance
Office of Compliance, a branch of the FDA, oversees drug manufacturing process
Professionals and consumers can report serious adverse reactions to MedWatch, FDAs Medical Products Reporting Program If drug poses a health risk, FDA will remove it from the market even though it has already been approved Ensures that manufacturers follow good manufacturing practices in FDA regulations
28
29
30
Controlled Substances
Controlled Substances Act, 1970
Combat escalating drug abuse
31
Controlled Substances
Label C-I C-II Abuse Potential highest potential high possibility, which can lead to severe dependence
C-III
C-IV
less potential
low potential
C-V
lowest potential
32
Drug Actions
Drugs work by a variety of chemical mechanisms Body continually fights to maintain a state of homeostasis (stability)
Achieved by a system of control and feedback mechanisms
33
Messengers recognize and communicate with target cells via receptors (specific protein molecules)
34
Receptors
Receptor site may have specificity Affinity is the strength by which a particular chemical messenger binds to its receptor site or cell
35
Pharmacodynamics
The study of mechanism of action of drugs is what is called pharmacodynamics. It is the study of what the drug does to the body.
38
39
40
Some drugs act without any direct interaction within the cell
Example: Mannitol interferes osmotically with water reabsorption by the kidneys
41
Pharmacokinetics
Activity of a drug within the body over a period of time Includes ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug Also includes the metabolites of a drug in relation to the time they are in the body
42
43
Absorption
Process of movement of a drug from the site of application into the extracellular compartment of the body
Rate of absorption affects duration and intensity of drug action
Distribution
Rate of distribution is determined by the physicochemical characteristics of the drug, cardiac output and blood flow. Drug Reservoirs
Plasma Protein and other extracellular reservoirs Cellular reservoirs Fat
ADME
Absorption: process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system Distribution: process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues and to its sites of action Blood flow is rate-limiting factor
46
ADME
Metabolism: process by which drugs are chemically converted to compounds and then excreted through metabolic pathways Metabolite is substance into which a drug is converted by metabolism Induction: drugs enhance drug metabolism Inhibition: drugs decrease drug metabolism
47
ADME
Elimination: removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body Clearance is the rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time
48
Excretion / Elimination
- More polar, less lipid soluble compounds are more easily eliminated
50
Pharmacokinetic Parameters
Pharmacokinetic processes determine how a drug should be administered to obtain a specific response
51
Dose
Quantity of drug administered at one time Ceiling effect is a point at which no clinical response occurs with increased dosage
52
53
54
Bioavailability
Proportion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation after a particular route of administration
Bioavailability
Portion of dose that becomes biologically active in the body Oral drugs go into intestinal wall, liver, blood, and then to systemic site Metabolism in the liver before a drug reaches systemic circulation is first-pass effect
56
Therapeutic Range
Optimum dosage that provides best chance for successful drug therapy When the amount of drug gives desired response, drug is at therapeutic level
58
Therapeutic Range
59
Duration of Action
Length of time a drug gives the desired response or is at therapeutic level
60
Duration of Action
61
How is a drugs volume of distribution, clearance, and half-life used in dosing drugs?
Volume of distribution is important for calculating the loading dose, clearance for calculating the maintenance dose, and half-life for determining the dosing interval.
Discussion
62
Drug Effects
Beneficial Responses
Therapeutic Effect: action for which the drug is prescribed Local Effect: confined to a specific part of the body Systemic Effect: generalized, allinclusive effect on entire body
63
64
Side Effects
Secondary responses to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which the drug was intended Allergic responses Drug dependence, addiction, abuse, and tolerance
65
Drug Interactions
One drug can have an effect on the action of another Foods and other substances such as alcohol and nicotine can interact with drugs Common way a substance can interact is by inducing or inhibiting enzymes that metabolize the drug
66
67
Synergism
Factors that Modify Drug Effects and Drug Dosage Medication errors and patient compliance Placebo effects Body weight and volume distribution Age
Factors that Modify Drug Effects and Drug Dosage Gender Route of administration Time of administration Rate of elimination Tolerance
Factors that Modify Drug Effects and Drug Dosage Physiologic variables Pathologic factors Genetic factors Drug interactions