Basics of Telecommunications

Training Center Zhongxing Telecom Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd

Agenda

Introduction to Telecom Network Introduction to Digital SPC Switch

Introduction to Telecom Network

Definition

Communication over long distances, especially by electrical means such as by telephone, radio, satellite, television and the internet. (means any transmission of signs, signals, writing, images or sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, visual, optical or other electromagnetic system.) Telecommunications means to change information into electric signals for remote transmission and switching

Composition of Telecom Network

Logical Composition
Physical Composition

Logical Composition

Logically Speaking A Telecom Network is composed of Nodes, Links, Ends & Signaling

End:
It is a Terminal or Service provision point. Telephone, Fax machine, computer Node: Switching System Link: Transmission System Signaling: It is the language for communication between various parts of telecom network
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Physical Composition

Physically speaking A telecom network is composed of

Switching Network Transmission Bearer Network Supporting Network Terminal Equipment

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Switching Network:
Comprises of multiple types of switches International office, Local terminal office switch, Remote subscriber unit and PABX

Transmission Bearer Network: Comprises of Trunk links, Local transmission links and access networks.
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Supporting Network:

Comprises four types of networks Digital Synchronization Network Signaling Network Centralized Intelligent Network Telecom Management Network

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Telecom Management Network Centralized IN

Supporting Networks

Digital Synchronization Network

Signaling Network Switching Network

Transmission Bearer Network

Basic Network

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Basic Structure of Telecom Local Network

To toll end office To toll office end

End office

Branch office
PABX

Tandem

End office
PABX

Branch office

PABX

Single Tandem Office Network

Multiple-Tandem Office Network.

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Types of Offices

End office Branch office Tandem office Toll end office Toll tandem office Domestic toll International toll
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Telecom Network Topologies

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Telecom Network Topologies

Overall Meshed Network

Star Network

Tree Network

Compound Network

Chain Network

Loop Network

Bus Network

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Overall Meshed Network

Good reliability Usage of the links is low The network is not economic This type of network is only used when there are extremely high requirements for reliability

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Star Network
It is the basis of the ordinarily used telephone network structure. One switching center is configured, which enables the calls among subscribers. The reliability of star network is lower than the overall meshed network, but the star network is much more economic than the overall meshed network.
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Compound Network
It is developed on the basis of the star network. In the densely populated areas, different switching centers are established to form different star networks, which will be overall or partially inter-connected to form the compound network.

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Tree Networks:
At present widely used in CATV distribution networks and private network (e.g. military networks). Mostly used in computer communication networks.
Normally used in private networks or micro-wave trunk public communication networks.

Loop & Bus Networks: Chain Networks:

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Introduction to Digital SPC Switch

An SPC exchange is computer controlled, i.e. governed by a program stored in the exchange computer's memory.

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SWITCH AT A GLANCE

Telephone was invented by A.G. Bell in 1876 In 1878 commercial services were started in US In November 1892 Strowger invented the fist generation of Automatic Telephone Switch The second generation of telephone switches are Crossbar switches invented in 1962 in Sweden In 1965 the first Analog SPC of the world was invented in US In 1970 the first Digital SPC Switch was invented in France it was called E10.

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The Development History of the Switch

Basic Type
Manual Switch Telephone

Modes of Switches
Magneto switch, Common Battery Telephone switch Step-by-step Electromechanical

Automatic telephone switch

Crossbar
SPC

Electromechanical, Quasielectric Analog (PAM), Digital (PCM)

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Advantages of SPC Switch

Highly flexible, Easy to maintain and Easy to extend the capacity. Equipment volume is much smaller and call connection speed is much faster. Good voice quality, good secrecy ISDN and IN

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Advantages of Digital Communications

High-level Multiplexing. High Resistance to disturbance, Suitable for remote transmission. Conversion between SNR and frequency band. Easiness for the interconnection with computer and the provision of ISDN. High integration of equipment that features small size, light weight, low power consumption and long equipment life
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

The process by which many voice signals are arranged in different Time Slots according to certain rules and transmit along a single bearer.

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A
B C D D C B A D C B A

A
B C D

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Demultiplexing
Signals multiplexed in the originating terminal are transmitted to the receiving terminal via channels and then separated into the original individual signals. This process is called de-multiplexing.

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PCM Primary Group Format

The PCM primary group system is the basic system for digital multiplexing. Its primary frame structure contains 32 time slots.

TS1-15 &TS16- 31are used for Voice Channels,

TS0 is normally used for Frame Synchronization. TS16 is used as a Signaling Time Slot. Each time slot has 8 bits.
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Multi-Frame Structure

Each multi-frame is composed by 16 single frames

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MULTI-FRAME 16 Frames, 2ms, 4096 bits 0 1 2 14 15

0 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 0

FRAME 32 TS, 256 bits, 125s, 15 16 17 0 0 1 A2 1 1

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31

d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

1 1

A1 1

1 1

c d

TS0 MULTIFRAME: MULTIFRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS0: FRAME:FRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS1TS15 & TS17 TS31 :VOICE CHANNELS TS 16: FRAME: SIGNALING INFORMATION
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Features Of PCM30/32
Sampling Rate Frame Period Width per TS Multi - Frame period Bits/ Sample Value Bits/ Frame 8000Hz 125s 3.9s 125s*16=2ms 8 bits 32*8bits=256bits

Bits/ Multi-frame

256*16=4096bits

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TS / Frame TS / Multi-frame Channel rate Channel rate

= 32TS = 32*16=512TS = 64kb/s = 8k * 8k = 64kbits/s

Single Frame Rate

= 2Mb/s

64Kb/s * 32 = 2048Kb/s 2Mb/s

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The Constitution of SPC Switching System

The digital SPC switch has mainly two big parts The Hardware and The Software

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The Hardware

Four parts:

Interface circuits Control system Digital switching network Public resource

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Interface Circuits

Subscriber side interface

Analog subscriber Digital subscriber

Trunk side interface

Analog trunk Digital trunk

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Analog Subscriber Interface (ASLC)

Battery feed

test

Over voltage protection

Hybrid or 2/4wire converter

supervision

Ringing control

CODEC&Filter

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Digital Trunk Interface

The interface between the digital switch and the PCM transmission equipment. A-interface: 2.048 Mb/s PCM Primary Group B-interface: 8.192 Mb/s PCM Secondary Group

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Control System
Control mode

The Centralized Control: Have only a central processor to handle the whole system Distributed Control: Have several processors distributed in the modules,and the basic functions are mainly realized by the modules
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Working Mode

Load sharing Active /standby mode

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Processor Mainly perform call processing , connection and operation, management and maintenance

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Digital Switching Network

Enables the switching of different Time slots

T-switch S-switch TS,ST,TST,TTT

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T- Switch
Different Slot switching in same HW
TS9 TS2

TS28

TS20

TS9

TS2

TS28

TS20

C
IHW

C
OHW

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T-switch mainly comprises two parts:

SM(speech memory)

Store the voice date of various time slots

CM(control memory)

Store the address of the voice data

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Public Resources

Signaling device DTMF Receivers Tone Generators Synchronization device

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Software

The Software of the SPC digital switch controls the actions of the Hardware.

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Office data

Semi-permanent database
Data

Subscriber data

Switch software system

Dynamic data System program Program Application program Supporting program

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