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The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Clausius statement...
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Clausius statement
It is impossible for any system to operate in such a way that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Heat will generally flow from a hot region to a cold region, i.e., in the direction of decreasing temperature. Recall the development of the Zeroth Law.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
If we put a cyclic heat pump between two thermal reservoirs, then we can get heat to flow toward the higher temperature.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Schematic of heat pump/refrigeration cycle to raise heat to the high temperature reservoir.
High Temperature reservoir
Cycle
Q
Cycle
Q1
Wcycle Q2
Low Temperature Reservoir
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Kelvin-Planck statement...
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Kelvin-Planck Statement
It is impossible for any system to operate in a thermodynamic cycle and deliver a net amount of work to its surroundings while receiving energy by heat transfer from a single thermal reservoir.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
cycle
cycle
Wcycle
Pulley
System
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
Mass
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Equivalence...
The internal self consistency of the two statements of the Second Law
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
The two statements of the Second Law are internally consistent, or equivalent. Assume a violation of one form and prove the violation of the other.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
TH
TH
Q
TC
Wcycle
Q
TC
Cyclic heat engine, E, is added to produce work.
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Heat flow from a low to a higher temperature: A violation of the Clausius Statement
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
Cyclic heat engine, E, violates the Kelvin-Planck form of the Second Law. TH
Q W
E
cycle
Wcycle
TC
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
The net effect is the extraction of heat from the reservoir at TH and the performance of an equal amount of work, Wcycle.
TH
Cycle
E
W
Cycle
Wcycle Q
Assume that a cyclic engine exists that withdraws heat from a single reservoir and does and equivalent amount of work and thus violates the Kelvin-Planck form of the Second Law.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Cyclic heat engine, E, plus the refrigerator violates the Clausius form of the Second Law. The net effective is the transfer of heat QC-H from a low to high temperature without net work being done.
TH
Q Wcycle
E
C H Wcycle Q
Wcycle
QC H
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
TC
Key concepts and terms The Second Law - Clausius Statement The Second Law - Kelvin-Planck Statement
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law