Submitted by: Shivamanth ce12m061

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE EFFECT OF LIQUEFACTION MECHANISMS OF LIQUEFACTION TYPES OF LIQUEFACTION FACTORS INFLUENCING LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY PRELIMINARY SCREENING FOR LIQUEFACTION

Liquefaction is one of the most important, complex and controversial topic in the Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. It is a term used to describe a range of phenomena in which the strength and stiffness of a soil deposit are reduced due to generation of pore water pressure. It may occurs due to static loading, but it is most commonly induced by earthquakes. Liquefaction occurs most commonly in loose, saturated, clean silty sands but has also been observed in gravels and nonplastic silts. It can cause foundations and retaining structures to settle and tilt, or can tear them apart through large differential displacements.

what is Liquefaction?

It is the transformation of a granular material from a solid to a liquefied state as a consequence of increased pore water pressure and reduces effective stress. Increased pore water pressure is induced by the tendency of granular materials to compact when subjected to cyclic shear deformations. The change of state occurs most readily in loose to moderately dense granular soils with poor drainage, such as silty sands or sands and gravels capped by or containing seams of impermeable sediment.

To understand liquefaction, the process that causes the soil to collapse and liquefy during an earthquake, And to see which soils were more susceptible to this occurrence To designed to see what would happen to the soils and structures during an earthquake

The results could help define the type of soil to best build on to reduce earthquake and liquefaction damage

Liquefaction is manifested by

formation of boils and mud spouts at the ground surface seepage of water through ground cracks development of quicksand conditions spread over substantial area buildings may sink in the ground light weight buried structures may float upwards flow slides and landslides may occur and retaining structures may collapse

Flow failures Lateral spreading Ground oscillation Loss of bearing strength

Flow failures

These failures are the most catastrophic ground caused by liquefaction. these failures usually displace large mass of soil

Flow failure of lake san Francisco during the 1957 earthquake

Source:googgle images

The soil supporting a building or other structure liquefies and loses strength, therefore large deformations can occur with in the soil which may allow the structure to settle and tilt.

The showa bridges pile foundations moved due to lateral spreading niigate(1994

Source:wikipedia

Lateral spreading

Lateral spreading caused foundation of the showa bridge move laterally and collapsed Source:googgle images

1) Flow liquefaction

Liquefaction can initiated by cyclic or monotonic loading, they produced tremendous instability is known as flow failures. when the shear stress required for static equilibrium is greater than the steady state strength . Earthquakes, blasting, and pile driving are all example of dynamic loads that could trigger flow liquefaction

2) Cyclic mobility

When the initial effective stress state (static shear stress) is less than the steady state shear strength, the liquefaction phenomena of cyclic mobility can occur. Cyclic mobility can occur in both loose and dense soils that extend from low to high initial effective confining pressures. Deformations due to cyclic mobility developed incrementally, then lateral spreading occurs.

Soil grains in a soil deposit. The height of the blue column to the right represents the level of pore water pressure in the soil.

The length of the arrows represents the size of the contact forces between individual soil grains. the contact forces are large when the pore water pressure is low.
3

The pore water pressure may become so high that many of the soil particles lose contact with each other. In such cases, the siol will have very little strenth, will behave more like a liquid then a solid hence name liquefaction

From Terzaghis principle of effective stress, if the pore water pressure (u) increase, the effective stress will decrease
=-u

Full liquefaction is defined as excess pore water pressure ratio (Ru) Ru=U /
excess

Earthquake intensity duration Soil type Soil relative density Particle size distribution Presence or obscene of plastic fines Ground water table location Overburden pressure Structure load and historical liquefaction

1) 2)

Screening investigation Quantitative evaluation

Screening: review of relevant topographic, geologic, soil engineering maps and reports, aerial photographs, ground water contour maps, water well logs, agricultural soil survey maps, history of liquefaction in the area

Is the soil saturated?

If the estimated maximum past, current and future ground water levels are determined to be deeper then 50 feet below the existing ground surface , liquefaction assessments are not required. (Martin and Lew,1999)

Is the site underline by bedrock?

site. Bedrock or similar lithified formational material underlies