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ferrous metal.
26th element Iron or Ferrous 55.85 Atomic Mass
Limestone ----------
Coke
Iron Ore
Abundant, makes up 5% of earths crust Is not found in free state, must be found in rocks and oxides, hence Iron ore. After mining, the ore is crushed and the iron is separated, then made into pellets, balls or briquettes using binders, such as water. The pellets are typically 65% iron, and about 1 in diameter.
Coke is formed by heating coal to 2100*F (1150 C), then cooling it in quenching towers.
Lastly, Limestone
Ironmaking
Blast Furnace
Tuyeres
Steelmaking
Open-Hearth Furnace
Basic-Oxygen Furnace
Fastest steelmaking process can make 250 tons of steel / hour Melted pig iron and scrap are poured (charged) into a vessel. Fluxing agents are added, like limestone. The molten metal is blasted with pure oxygen. This produces iron oxide which then reacts with carbon to produce CO and CO2. The slag floats to the top of the metal. Higher steel quality than open hearth. Used to make plate, sheet, I-beam, tubing and channel.
Electric Furnace
Uses electric arc from electrode to metal to heat and melt it. Can produce 60-90 tons of steel per day. Steel is higher quality than open-hearth and BOF
Vacuum Furnace
Uses induction furnaces. Air is removed from the furnace, this removes the gaseous impurities from the molten metal. Produces very high-quality steel.
Casting Ingots
Ingots
While steel is still molten, it is poured into a mold. The mold may be a square, rectangle or round. The metal becomes an ingot in the mold. They can weigh 100 lbs to 40 tons. The ingot will be removed from the mold and heated uniformly to be rolled or formed into a final product. HOWEVER While the molten metal cools, or solidifies, gasses evolve and can affect the quality of the steel. This leads to three types of steel: Killed Steel, Semi-Killed Steel, and Rimmed Steel.
**Refining
Continuous Casting
-Molten metal skips ingot step, and goes directly the furnace to a tundish
-Metal solidifies in the mold -The metal descends @ about 1/sec -The solidified metal then goes through pinch rollers that determine the final form.
Residual Elements
During the processing of steels some residual elements remain in the metal. These residuals are trace elements that are unwanted due to their detrimental properties but cannot be extracted completely. Some of these residual elements include: antimony, arsenic, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and tin.
Molten Steel
Ferrous Metals
Mild Steel
Composition -0.15 to0.30% carbon Properties- Tough, high tensile strength, ductile. Because of low carbon content it can not be hardened and tempered. It must be case hardened. Uses- girders, Plates, nuts and bolts, general purpose.
Ferrous Metals
High Speed Steel
Composition- medium carbon, tungsten, chromium and vanadium. Properties - Can be hardened and tempered. Can be brittle. Retains hardness at high temperatures. Uses- Cutting tools for lathes.
Ferrous Metals
Stainless Steel
Composition- 18% chromium, and 8% nickel added. Properties - Corrosion resistant Uses- Kitchen draining boards. Pipes, cutlery, aircraft.
Stainless Steels
The reason for the name stainless is due to the fact that in the presence of oxygen, the steel develops a thin, hard, adherent film of chromium.
Even if the surface is scratched, the protective film is rebuilt through passivation.
For passivation to occur there needs to be a minimum chromium content of 10% to 12% by weight.
Stainless Steels
Stainless steels tend to have lower carbon content since increased carbon content lowers the corrosion resistance of stainless steels.
Since the carbon reacts with chromium it decreases the available chromium content which is needed for developing the protective film.
Stainless Steels
Using stainless steels as reinforcing bars, has become a new trend, in concrete structures such as highways buildings and bridges.
It is more beneficial than carbon steels because it is resistant to corrosion from road salts and the concrete itself.
Ferrous Metals
High Tensile Steel
Composition- Low carbon steel, nickel, and chromium. Properties- Very strong and very tough. Uses- Gears, shafts, engine parts.
Ferrous Metals
High Carbon Steel
Composition- 0.70% to 1.40% carbon. Properties- The hardest of the carbon steels. Less ductile, tough and malleable. Uses- Chisels, hammers, drills, files, lathe tools, taps and dies
Ferrous Metals
Medium Carbon Steels
Composition- 0.30% to 0.70% carbon. Properties- Stronger and harder than mild steels. Less ductile, tough and malleable. Uses- Metal ropes, wire, garden tools, springs.
Ferrous Metals
Cast Iron
Composition- Remelted pig iron with small amounts of scrap steel. Properties- Hard, brittle, strong, cheap, selflubricating. White cast iron, grey cast iron, malleable cast iron. Uses- Heavy crushing machinery. Car cylinder blocks, vices, machine tool parts, brake drums, machine handle and gear wheels, plumbing fitments
Alloy Steels
High-strength, lowalloy steels (HSLA) steels were developed to improve the ratio of strength to weight.
Commonly used in automobile bodies and in the transportation industry (the reduced weight makes for better fuel economy ).
Microalloyed steels Provide superior properties without the use of heat treating. When cooled carefully these steels develop enhanced and consistent strength.
Alloy Steels
Nanoalloyed steels have extremely small grain size (10-100 nm). Since their synthesis is done at an atomic level their properties can be controlled specifically.
Steel Products
Steel Products
Rolled Structural Shapes
Steel Products
Sheet Piling
Sections are made to interlock abd are available in several shape.
Steel Products
Steel Pipe
Seamless or welded small diameter pipe and electrically welded large diameter pipe. A large diameter pipe is made by having plates with proper width, beveled edges and placed in a press which forms them into cylinders. The two edges are welded together and the pipe is brought to its final diameter by hydraulically expanding the welded sheet against a retaining jacket.
Steel Products
Reinforcing Steel
Made from new steel or from discarded railway car axles or rails. Reinforcing steel comes in plain or deformed bars, that is, bars which have lugs or deformation rolled on the surface to provide anchorage in concrete.
Steel Products
Welded Wire Fabric
Another type of reinforcing material. It consists of parallel, longitudinal wired welded to transverse wires at regular intervals.
Steel Products
Steel Wire
Over 150,000 uses for wire including pins, needles, nails, bolts, cables, piano wire, fences.
Steel Products
Bolts and Nuts
(either hot forged or cold-formed from wire of the appropriate diameter). For bolts, wire is fed into an automatic bolt-making machine which cuts to length heads, trims, points, and, in many cases rolls the thread.
Steel Products
Steel Strapping
Made from high-tensile flat wire in a number of sizes. Used for banding forms to keep them from bulging under the pressure if freshly poured concrete. A tightener tightens it and the two lapped end is sealed.
Steel Products
Open Web Steel Jolt
Lightweight warren-type trusses made in several different styles.
Steel Products
Sheet Steel
Black and galvanized, can be used to manufacture corrugated roofing and sliding and formed steel decking. Corrugated sheets have one edge turned up, one turned down.
Steel Products
Sheet Steel
Two basic styles are open-faced decking and cellular decking which allow easy distribution of electric systems and outlets.
Steel Products
Steel Studs
Lightweight, requiring minimum storage space and does not wrap or shrink. Fasteners do not pop, and joints stay closed. Much faster to install to than wood-stud installation. Available in 1 1/8, 2 and 3 5/8 inches. Plumbing stacks and electrical components fit easily into a steel-frame wall.
Steel Products
Pans and Domes
Manufactured for use in forming one-way and twoway ribbed concrete floor systems.
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminum
Composition- Pure Metal Properties- Grayish-White, soft, malleable, conductive to heat and electricity, It is corrosion resistant. It can be welded but this is difficult. Needs special processes Uses- Aircraft, boats, window frames, saucepans, packaging and insulation, pistons and cranks
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminum alloys
Composition- Aluminum +4% Copper+1%Manganese Properties- Ductile, Malleable, Work Hardens Uses- Aircraft and vehicle parts
Non-Ferrous Metals
Copper
Composition- Pure metal Copper+1%Manganese Properties- Red, tough, ductile, High electrical conductor, corrosion resistant, Can work hard or cold. Needs frequent annealing Uses- Electrical wire, cables and conductors, water and central heating pipes and cylinders. Printed circuit boards, roofs
Non-Ferrous Metals
Brass
Composition- 65% copper +35%zinc Properties- Very corrosive, yellow in colour, tarnishes very easily. Harder than copper. Good electrical conductor Uses- Castings, ornaments, valves, forgings
Non-Ferrous Metals
Lead
Composition- Pure metal Properties- The heaviest common metal. Soft, malleable, bright and shiny when new but quickly oxidizes to a dull grey. Resistant to corrosion. Uses- Protection against X-Ray machines. Paints, roof coverings, flashings
Non-Ferrous Metals
Zinc
Composition- Pure metal Properties- A layer of oxide protects it from corrosion, bluish-white, easily worked Uses- Makes brass. Coating for steel galvanized corrugated iron roofing, tanks, buckets, rust-proof paints
Non-Ferrous Metals
Tin
Composition- Pure metal Properties- White and soft, corrosion resistant Uses- Tinplate, making bronze
Non-Ferrous Metals
Gilding metal
Composition- 85% copper+15% zinc Properties- Corrosion resistant, golden colour, enamels well Uses- Beaten metalwork, jewelry