Light Fundamentals: Slides 3-8

Light and Matter: Slides 9-13

Reflection and Refraction of Light: Slides

14-16 Practice Problems Slides 17-18

 Light is the range of the frequencies of electromagnetic waves that stimulates the retina of the eye. Light waves have wave lengths from about 400nm (violet light) to 700nm (red light). Colors of the spectrum change from violet, indigo,

blue, green, yellow, orange, and then red.

 Light travels in a straight line, also called a Ray. Galileo was the first to hypothesize that light has a finite speed. Danish astronomer Ole Roemer was the first to determine that

light does travel with a measurable speed.

American physicist Albert A. Michelson measured the time required for light to make a round-trip between two Californian

mountains 35km apart and became the first American to

receive the Nobel Prize in 1926.

 The speed of light is equal to: = c The frequency of light can be counted with extreme precision using lasers. In 1983 the International Committee on Weights and Measurements defined the speed of light to be 3.00 x 108 m/s

 A Luminous body emits light waves, such as the Sun. An Illuminated body simply reflects light waves produced by an outside source, such as the Moon.

 The rate at which visible light is emitted from a source is called the Luminous Flux, P. The unit of Luminous Flux is the Lumen, lm. The Illuminance, E, is the rate at which light falls on a surface, which is measured in lumens per square meter, lm/m2.

 The Luminous Intensity of a point source is the luminous flux that falls on lm2 of a sphere 1m in radius. Candela, cd, is another unit of measurement used in Luminous Intensity.

 Transparent materials can transmit light waves without distorting images. Translucent materials can transmit light but do not permit objects to be seen clearly through them. Opaque materials transmits no light but absorbs or reflects all light.

 Newton discovered the Spectrum, which is the ordered arrangement of colors from violet to red. The Additive Color Process is when different color lights combine to form a new color.

 Primary colors are the three basic colors; red light, green light, and blue light that combines to form new colors. Secondary Colors are those formed when the primary colors are combined, such as yellow, cyan, and magenta.

 Complementary Colors combines and forms white. Yellow and blue, cyan and red, magenta and green

are all Complementary Colors.

A Dye is a molecule that absorbs certain

wavelengths of light and transmits or reflects

others.

 A Pigment is a colored material that absorbs certain colors and transmits or reflects others. A pigment particle is larger than a dye and can be seen with a microscope. A Primary Pigment absorbs only one primary color from white light, such as yellow.

A Secondary Pigment absorbs two primary colors and reflects one,

such as red, green, and blue.

Reflection and Refraction of Light

The law of Reflection states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. Refraction is the bending of light rays at the boundary

between two media. Refraction occurs only when the

incident ray strikes the boundary at an angle.

When light goes from a medium with a small n to one

with a large n, it is bent toward the normal.

Reflection and Refraction of Light

Snell's Law states that when visible light enters a transparent material at an angle, the direction of the light is refracted or bent at a different angle.

Light waves of different wavelengths have slightly

different refractive indices. Thus, they are refracted at

different angles. Light falling on a prism is dispersed into

a spectrum of colors.

Reflection and Refraction of Light

Total internal reflection occurs when light is incident on a boundary from the medium with the larger index of refraction. If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, no light leaves; it is all reflected.

Practice Problem
Use Snell's law, the sine button on your calculator, a protractor, and the

index of refraction values to complete the following diagrams. Measure,

calculate, and draw in the refracted ray with the calculated angle of refraction.

Solution
Given:

ni = 1.00nr = 1.33 = 45 degrees

Find: Theta r = ??? Third, list the relevant equation: Fourth, substitute known values into the equation and algebraically manipulate the equation in order to solve for the unknown variable - "theta r." 1.00 * sine (45 degrees) = 1.33 * sine (theta r)0.7071 = 1.33 * sine (theta r) 0.532 = sine (theta r) sine-1 (0.532) = sine-1 ( sine (theta r)) 32.1 degrees = theta r

LASERS!!!!!!

Bibliography
Zitzewitz, Paul W. "Light." Glencoe Physics:

Principles & Problems. Glencoe, 1999.

Zitzewitz, Paul W. Reflection and Refraction." Glencoe Physics: Principles &

Problems. Glencoe, 1999.

Thank You!!!!!!