Introductory Entomology

Master Gardener Training February 16, 2010 Linn and Benton Co., OR

Laurel Moulton
--Graduate Student --

Oregon State University

The Menu for today:

Basic Entomology Identifying plant damage Common insect orders BREAK Lab Beneficial insects Habitat

Goals for today

Basic knowledge Questions to ask
Resources

Small bodies, BIG impact

waste management nutrient cycling crop protection food webs cultural value plant propagation entomophagy disease transmission destroy commodities

Christian Grantham

from Gullen & Cranston, The insects: and outline of entomology

Basic anatomy
Head:
Sensory Intake Communication

Arthropods: Insects= 6 legs

Thorax:
Wing

attachment leg attachment

Non insect Arthropods:

Abdomen:
Digestion Respiration Reproduction

Whats inside?

Sensory: Visual
Geoff Woodard

Ocelli
light vs. dark

Compound eyes
Mosaic Movement UV detection

Bjorn Roslett

Photo credits: Univ. of Wisconsin Dept. of Entomology

Chemosensory: Antennae
Smell Pheromones

Chemosensory: Antennae
filiform pectinate

aristate

clavate

setacious

serate

flabellate

Sensory: Other
Legs/tarsi
Vibration Taste

Ovipositor
Suitable habitat Egg laying preference
Stanislav Georb

Piercing-sucking

Mouthparts
Structure = Function
Variable Modified
chewing sponging

siphoning

D.G. MacKean
From: A. Imms

Zweibel laboratory

Insect Metamorphosis
SIMPLE
nymph adult same habitat same resources adult
winged reproductive

COMPLETE
egg larva pupa - adult different habitats often different diet advantages ? parasitism adults may not feed

Invasive.org

Whats in a name? - Taxonomy Organizational language Family Genus species Classification Latin roots: -ptera,hemi-,holo- Directional
dorsal, ventral anterior, posterior basal, apical

Insects & plants

Herbivory
Plant experiences:
Tissue loss Seed reduction Reduced vitality/vigor Pathogens

Insect receives:
Nutrition Growth Habitat

Phytophagy = plant eater

Monophagous
Most specific Specialists 1:1

Oligophagous
More broad Related genera 1: a few

Polyphagous
a.k.a Generalists Unrelated families 1: whatevers in the fridge

Defoliation
Chewing Lepidoptera, Coleoptera Symptoms
Holes Skeletonizing Defoliation

Univ. of Kentucky D G Mackean

Ravenous plant munching can be a good thing Biocontrol

Peter McEvoy

Ragwort fleabeetle

Peter McEvoy

Peter McEvoy

Cinnabar moth

Plant Mining
Chewing Larvae of
Diptera Lepidoptera
USDA-APHIS

Symptoms
Trails, tunnels Frass Secondary infections
Univ. of Hawaii

Sap Suckers
Piercing-Sucking Most life stages:
Homoptera Heteroptera
APSnet.org

D G Mackean

Symptoms
discoloration reduced vigor wilting, curling spittle

Disease transmission

Gall Formation
Piercing-sucking Plant response
salivary fluids egg laying not generally harmful

Ohio State Univ

Hymenoptera, Homoptera Symptoms on

leaves stems/twigs flowers

Univ. Of Wisc.onsin

Oregon BLM

Common insect orders

Sam Houston 2009

Coleoptera
sheath-wings Beetle

BEETLES Chewing mouthparts Complete metamorphosis Elytra

hardened/leathery front wings

Largest order if insects

James Young 2008

Not all beetles have full elytra

Cabbage seed weevil

Coleoptera: Black vine weevil

Cucumber beetle

Potato flea beetle

James Young 2007

Wire worm Seed weevil Spotted cucumber beetle

Ground beetle larva NOT wire worm

Mark Gray

Mark Fowler 2005

Black vine weevil

Black vine weevil

Chris Adam 2007

B. Anderson and M. Reding 2009

Box elder bug

Heteroptera
different-winged TRUE BUGS Piercing-Sucking mouthparts Simple metamorphosis

Front wing is divided

thickened at base membranous at tip

Scutellum

Pest Alert:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Peter Shear

James LaBonte

Peter Shear

Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Can be confused with: Rough Stink Bug

Identification:
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Pro thorax Pronotum Shoulders

Can be confused with: Rough Stink Bug

Azalea lace bug

Damage: extensive leaf stippling

Identifying character: lacy wings!

Photos: Robin Rosetta

Homoptera
same-winged
APHIDS, WHITEFLIES, SCALES, PLANT HOPPERS, CICADAS

Piercing-Sucking mouthparts - Vector disease Wings with uniform texture - Held tent-like over body Many plant pests
UC IPM

Robin Rosetta

Eric Matthews

Aphids!
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension

Blueberry scorch virus

= disease vector!

Cornicles = Aphid
WSU Whatcom Co. Extension

Barley yellow dwarf virus

Diptera
two-wings

FLIES Chewing, often modified

Sponging (cutting) Piercing-sucking

Complete metamorphosis One pair of wings Hind wings reduced: Halter

NEW PEST ALERT

Apple maggot
Red sphere trap+lure

Cal extension

Canadian ministry of Ag.

Crane fly

Beet leaf miner

A. Schattmann

Fungus gnat

Debbie Roos NC extenstion

Goldenrod gall fly

W. Abrahamson and P. Heinrich

Spotted Wing Drosop

Spotted winged drosophila

D. Bruck 2009

M. Hauser, CDFA

Mike Reitmajer 2009

Drosophila suzukii locations in Oregon, 2011

Confirmed locations from collected fruits or trapping by ODA, APHIS and OSU

Guidelines for Monitoring Adult SWD Presence

Clear container with lid, ~10 holes (3/16) around the side of container 1.5-2 inches of solution Real apple cider vinegar + small drop of unscented liquid dish soap Service traps weekly Hang from plant or stake in shade at fruiting level in the canopy, out of wind Place as many traps in your susceptible crops as you can reasonably maintain
Pay particular attention to high risk areas
Diverse field edges with ample shade

Deploy traps just prior to fruit coloring Count and record the number of male SWD weekly
*Watch website for regional detections of SWD

Spotted Winged Drosophila

Drosophila suzukii, an invasive pest of berry and stone fruits

Oregon Non-Commercial Homeowners Backyard Management Guide

BACKYARD GARDENER MONITORING

To share your information with OSU researchers, make sure to provide as much of the requested information as possible.

Report any findings of SWD adults and larvae in fruit to your nearest extension office

Fill out the online excel record sheet and email to : SWD.OREGON@GMX.COM Found on SWD website, For Gardeners

http://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu

Orthoptera
long-winged
GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS Chewing Simple metamorphosis Characteristic legs - Hind leg= modified for jumping, - thickened femur - sound production Not much of a pest on west side
Red Planet Inc.

Isoptera
similar-winged

TERMITES Chewing Beaded antennae Social castes - colonies - queen, workers

photo: Kevin Hall 2008

Structural pests

Lucas Raptis 2008

Thysanoptera
THRIPS
fringe-wing

Sucking or rasping-sucking Intermediate development

wings develop in 3rd larval stage Go through pupal stage
TX A&M extension

4 wings fringed with hair

Sample: yellow sticky card
Bumblebee.org

 Feed on flowers, fruit, leaves, twigs, buds Disease vectors

A.M Varela

Lepidoptera: Butterflies & moths

scale-wings Long proboscus: siphoning Complete metamorphosis 2 pairs of wings
Butterfly wings upright at rest Moth wings flat at rest

Butterflies of Singapore

Glen K. Peterson

Cabbage Looper

Peach tree borer

Indian meal moth

Cabbage butterfly

Cabbage looper

OSU IPPC
Love Apple Farm 2008

NM extension

TX A&M extension

Cutworms: Black spotted cutworm

Photos: OSU IPPC

Robin Rosetta

Other common cutworms

Black cutworm NOT a cutworm:
What is it? Why?

Glassy cutworm

Other common cutworms

Black cutworm NOT a cutworm:
What is it? Why?

Glassy cutworm
No legs! Ruffly posterior

Coddling Moth

Doug Wilson USDA-ARS

WSU extension

Apple maggot

Be on the lookout for:

Light brown apple moth

D. Williams

Class: Isopoda
same foot
PILL-BUGS, ROLY-POLYS, SOWBUGS non-insect arthropod Habitat: moist, damp, dark soil macrofauna Scavengers = plant tissue detritus

Garden symphylans
Symphyla

Related to millipedes 3-6mm long Feed on fine roots and germinating seeds 7-8 per shovel= pest Sampling with potato

Arachnida
spider

spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions Two body segments 4 pairs of legs

Bio-bee.com

European red mite

Mites

Spruce spider mite

Jack DeAngeles

Canadian ministry ofagriculture

Spider mite

Maple Gall mite

UC Georgia

Ronald S. Kelly

Hobo??

Giant house spider??

D. Hagon

NOT a Hobo
D. Boe

NOT a Hobo
David Phillips

NOT a Hobo

Maybe a Hobo
R. Vetter

Black widow
Most poisonous spider in Oregon Less than 1% of bites result in death Dark places: wood piles, basements, garages ID characteristic: red hourglass on females False black widow: no red markings

Break time!

Beneficial insects

Lee R. 2007

Dave Ingram

Predatory mites

Denis Crawford

Neuroptera
net-wing LACEWING

Mantodea
PRAYING MANTIS

Predators!
Lance Cromwell

Simple metamorphosis - Ootheca Nymph Adult Raptorial foreleg Business of Bugs

2004 V.J.Hickey

Big eyed bug Minute pirate bug

Crab spider
Hover fly
Jack Dykinga Jack Dykinga

Pamela Martin

Hymenoptera
membrane wing
Red Planet Inc.

WASPS, BEES, SAWFLIES, ANTS Chewing, lapping Complete metamorphosis 4 membranous wings Ovipositor often modified into stinger Beneficial services:
Pollinators Parasitoids mutualism

Dan Perlman

What are these?

Parasitoid wasps
Red Planet Inc. Dwight Kuhn

What is the difference between a Parasite and parasitoid?? Parasite = host survives Parasitoid = host is killed All life stages are targeted Egg Larvae Pupae Adult Hyperparasitoidism

Pollinators: beyond honey bees

Pollination
Diptera , Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera Bats, birds Specificity
corolla structure nectar timing co-evolution?

Cheating
Visit pollination Nectar thieves

James Altland, OSU

Yoshioka et al., 2005

Diptera
Syrphid flies
Adults pollinate feed on nectar Larvae predacious 1 can consume >100 aphids per month

Go to native bee slides

Habitat: Conservation Biocontrol

Be careful with pesticides Provide alternative habitat
Shelter Pollen nectar Alternative prey

Carrot family:

Lomatium
G.D. Car 2007

Angelica

Cilantro/Coriander

Lovage

Chamomile Goldenrod

Cosmos
Tom Adams 2005

Oregon sunshine
Native seed network

Habitat:
Plant flowers try some natives Let some of your salad mix go to seed!
Flowers from mustards & cabbages beneficial

Leave beetle banks in farm fields Diverse structure

Water Hiding places

Resources!
Dont forget the resource handout!