Ur Protect

Protection Overview
Universal Relay Family

Power Management
The Universal Relay
Contents...
Configurable Sources
FlexLogic and Distributed FlexLogic
L90 Line Differential Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay
F60 Feeder Management Relay

Configurable Sources
Power Management
The Universal Relay
A W 51P
E
V
I
Source
Metering Protection
Universal Relay
I
Concept of Sources
Configure multiple three phase current and
voltage inputs from different points on the
power system into Sources
Sources are then inputs to Metering and
Protection elements
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Sources: Typical Applications
Breaker-and-a-half schemes
Multi-winding (multi-restraint)
Transformers
Busbars
Multiple Feeder applications
Multiple Meter
Synchrocheck
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Transformer
CT1
CT2
CT3
VT1
87T
50BF
50BF
W
50P
Sources Example 1: Breaker-and-a-Half Scheme
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Transformer
CT1 CT2
CT3
VT1
87T
50BF
50BF
W
50P
50BF
RELAY
50BF
RELAY
50P
87T
AMPS
Transformer Differential
Relay
External
Summation
VOLT
W
AMPS
Sources Example 1: Traditional Relay Application
Power Management
The Universal Relay
VT1
CT1
CT2
CT3
Sources Example 1: I nputs into the Universal Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
VT1
E E
V V
I
I
I
E E
VI
I
I
V
CT1
CT2
E E
VI
I
I
V
CT3
50BF
50BF
E E
VI
I
I
V
50P
W
87T
Source #1
Source #2
Source #3
Source #4
Physical 3-phase
I &V Inputs
CT1
CT2
CT1
CT2
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e

S
o
u
r
c
e
s
(
d
o
n
e

v
i
a

s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
)
VT1
CT3
Universal Relay
Sources Example 1: Universal Relay solution using Sources
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T1
CT1 CT2
CT3
VT1
87T
50BF 50BF
W
50P
CT4
Sources Example 2: Breaker-and-a-Half Scheme with 3-Winding Transformer
Power Management
The Universal Relay
VT1
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
Power Management
The Universal Relay
VT1
E E
V V
I
I
I
E E
VI
I
I
V CT1
CT2
E E
VI
I
I
V
CT3
50BF
50BF
E E
VI
I
I
V
50P
W
87T
Source #1
Source #2
Source #3
Source #4
Physical 3-phase
I &V Inputs
CT1
CT2
CT1
CT2
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e

S
o
u
r
c
e
s
(
d
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e

v
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a

s
e
t
t
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g
s
)
VT1
CT3
CT4
E E
VI
I
I
V
CT4
Source #5
Universal Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
VT1
27P
W
50/
51
CT4
81
W
50/
51
CT3
81
W
50/
51
CT2
81
W
50/
51
CT1
81
W
50/
51
81
CT5
51 W
Multiple Feeder + Busbar Sources Example 3: Busbar with 5 feeders
Power Management
The Universal Relay
VT1
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
CT5
Power Management
The Universal Relay
VT1
EE
V V
I
I
I
EE
VI
I
I
V
CT1
CT2
E E
VI
I
I
V
CT3
50/51 81
EE
VI
I
I
V
Source #1
Physical 3-phase
I &V Inputs
CT1
C
o
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f
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u
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e

S
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c
e
s
(
d
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e

v
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a

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g
s
)
CT4
E E
VI
I
I
V
CT5
VT1
E E
VI
I
I
V
CT2
VT1
CT3
VT1
CT4
VT1
CT5
VT1
W
CT1..CT5
VT1
50/51 81
Source #2
W
50/51 81
Source #3
W
50/51 81
Source #4
W
50/51 81
Source #5
W
51 27P
Source #6
W Universal
Relay
FlexLogic
TM

&
Distributed FlexLogic
TM

Power Management
The Universal Relay
Analog
Inputs
Programmable
Logic
(FlexLogic)
Virtual
Outputs
Ethernet (Fiber)
Digital
Inputs
Virtual
Inputs
Remote
Inputs

Digital
Outputs
Computed
Parameters
Metering
Protection & Control
Elements
Remote
Outputs
A/D
DSP
Hardware
Software
Ethernet LAN (Dual Redundant Fiber)
Universal Relay: Functional Architecture
Power Management
The Universal Relay
AND
AND
AND
OR
Remote Input: Trip Relay 2
Local: Trip
Local: Trip
ENABLE
ENABLE
ENABLE
0ms
0ms
Remote
Output
Digital
Output
Substation LAN
LOCAL RELAY
RELAY 2 RELAY 3
Local
RELAY
Distributed FlexLogic Example 1: 2 out of 3 Trip Logic Voting Scheme
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Distributed FlexLogic Example 1: I mplementation of 2 out of 3 Voting Scheme
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Distributed FlexLogic Example 2: Transformer Overcurrent Acceleration
UR-F60
Feeder IED
UR-F60
Feeder IED
UR-F60
Feeder IED
UR-T60
Transformer IED
TIME
Current Pick-Up Level
Coordination
Time
Feeder TOC Curve
Transformer
TOC Curve
Accelerated
Transformer
TOC Curve
Substation LAN: 10/100 Mbps Ethernet
(Dual Redundant Fiber)
Transformer IED:
I F Phase or Ground TOC pickup THEN send GOOSE message to ALL Feeder I EDs.
Feeder IEDs:
Send No Fault GOOSE if no TOC pickup ELSE Send Fault GOOSE if TOC pickup.
Transformer IED:
If No Fault GOOSE from any Feeder IED then switch to accelerated TOC curve.
Animation
Power Management
The Universal Relay
FlexLogic: Benefits
FlexLogic
Tailor your scheme logic to suit the application
Avoid custom software modifications
Distributed FlexLogic
Across the substation LAN (at 10/100Mpbs)
allows high-speed adaptive protection and
coordination
Across a power system WAN (at 155Mpbs
using SONET system) allows high-speed
control and automation
L90
Line Differential Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Features
Protection:
Line current differential (87L)
Trip logic
Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Negative sequence TOC
Negative sequence IOC
Phase directional OCs
Neutral directional OC
Phase under- and overvoltage
Distance back-up
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Features
Control:
Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
Synchrocheck & Autoreclosure
Direct messaging (8 extra inter-relay DTT bits
exchanged)
Metering:
Fault Locator
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive and
apparent power, power factor

Power Management
The Universal Relay
Direct point-to-point Fiber
(up to 70Km)
OR
Via SONET system telecom multiplexer
(GEs FSC)
FSC
(SONET)
FSC
(SONET)
(64Kbps)
(155Mbps)
- G.703
- RS422
- G.703
- RS422
L90 Current Differential Relay: Overview
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Line Current Differential
Improved operation of the line current
differential (87L) element:
dynamic restraint increasing security without
jeopardizing sensitivity
line charge current compensation to increase
sensitivity
self-synchronization
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Restraint Current
O
p
e
r
a
t
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

K1
K2
L90 Current Differential Relay: Traditional Restraint Method
Traditional method is STATIC
Compromise between Sensitivity and Security
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Dynamic Restraint
Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a
measurement error to dynamically increase
the restraint
On-line estimation of an error is possible
owing to digital measuring techniques
In digital relaying to measure means to
calculate or to estimate a given signal
feature such as magnitude from the raw
samples of the signal waveform
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Digital Phasor Measurement
The L90 measures the current phasors
(magnitude and phase angle) as follows:
digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the
decaying dc component and a great deal of high
frequency distortions
the line charging current is estimated and used
to compensate the differential signal
full-cycle Fourier algorithm is used to estimate
the magnitude and phase angle of the
fundamental frequency (50 or 60Hz) signal

Power Management
The Universal Relay
Sliding Data Window
waveform
magnitude
window
time time
present
time
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Sliding Data Window
waveform
magnitude
window
time time
window window window window window window window
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Goodness of Fit
window
time
A sum of squared differences between the
actual waveform and an ideal sinusoid over
last window is a measure of a goodness of
fit (a measurement error)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Phasor Goodness of Fit
The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for
the digital measurement
The goodness of fit reflects inaccuracy due to:
transients
CT saturation
inrush currents and other signal distortions
The goodness of fit is used by the L90 to alter
the traditional restraint signal (dynamic
restraint)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Operate-Restraint Regions
I
LOC
local current
I
REM
remote end current
Imaginary (I
LOC
/I
REM
)
Real (I
LOC
/I
REM
)
OPERATE
OPERATE
OPERATE
OPERATE
RESTRAINT
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Dynamic Restraint
Dynamic restraint signal =
Traditional restraint signal + Error factor
Imaginary (I
LOC
/I
REM
)
Real (I
LOC
/I
REM
)
OPERATE
REST.
Error factor is high
Error factor is low
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Charge Current Compensation
The L90 calculates the instantaneous values
of the line charging current using the
instantaneous values of the terminal voltage
and shunt parameters of the line
The calculated charging current is
subtracted from the actually measured
terminal current
The compensation reduces the spurious
differential current and allows for more
sensitive settings
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Charge Current Compensation
The compensating algorithm:
is accurate over wide range of frequencies
works with shunt reactors installed on the line
works in steady state and during transients
works with both wye- and delta-connected VTs
(for delta VTs the accuracy of compensation is
limited)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Effect of Compensation
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
:

v
1
(
r
)
,

v
2
(
b
)
time [sec]
Voltage, V
time, sec
Local and remote voltages
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
i
d
:

r
a
w

(
r
)
,

c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
e
d

(
b
)
time [sec]
Current, A
time, sec
Traditional and compensated differential
currents (waveforms)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
I
d
:

r
a
w

(
r
)
,

c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
e
d

(
b
)
time [sec]
Current, A
time, sec
Traditional and compensated differential
currents (magnitudes)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Self-Synchronization
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
f
t
r
Forward
travel
time
Return
travel
time
Relay
turn-around
time
RELAY 1 RELAY 2
( )
2
1 2 0 3
t t t t
t t
r f

= =
ping-pong
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Ping-Pong (example)
Communication path
Initial clocks mismatch=1.4ms or 30
8.33 ms

8.33 ms
8.33 ms
Store T1i-2=5.1
8.33 ms
t1 t2
Slow down
Relay 1
0
5.1
0
2.3
8.33
8.33 Send T2i-2=2.3
Send T1i-2=5.1
Capture T1i-2=5.1
8.33 ms
Send start bit
Store T1i-3=0
Send start bit
Store T2i-3=0
13.43
10.53
Send T1i-1=16.66
Capture T2i-2=2.3
16.66
21.76
16.66
18.96
Send T2i-1=16.66
Store T2i-1=8.33
Capture T1i=21.76
Store T2i-2=2.3
Store T1i-1=8.33
Capture T2i=18.96
T2i-3=0
T1i-2=5.1
T1i-1=16.66
T2i=18.96
a2=5.1-0=5.1
b2=18.96-16.66=2.3
u2=(5.1-2.3)/2=
= +1.4ms (behind)
T1i-3=0
T2i-2=2.3
T2i-1=16.66
T1i=21.76
a1=2.3-0=2.3
b1=21.76-16.66=5.1
u1=(2.3-5.1)/2=
= -1.4ms (ahead)
Speed up
Relay 2
30
0
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Ping-Pong (example cnt.)
8.52 ms

8.14 ms
8.14 ms
Store T1i-2=38.28
8.52 ms
t1 t2
Slow down
Relay 1
33.32
38.28
33.32
35.62
41.55
41.55
Send T2i-2=35.62
Send T1i-2=38.28
Capture T1i-2=38.28
8.52 ms
Store T1i-3=33.32
Store T2i-3=33.32
Send T1i-1=50.00
Capture T2i-2=35.62
50.00
54.03
49.93
53.16
Send T2i-1=49.93
Store T2i-1=49.93
Capture T1i=54.03
Store T2i-2=35.62
Store T1i-1=50.00
Capture T2i=53.16
T2i-3=33.32
T1i-2=38.28
T1i-1=50.00
T2i=53.16
a2=38.28-33.32=4.96
b2=53.16-50.00=3.16
u2=(4.96-3.16)/2=
= +0.9ms (behind)
T1i-3=33.32
T2i-2=35.62
T2i-1=49.93
T1i=54.03
a1=35.62-33.32=2.3
b1=54.03-49.93=4.1
u1=(2.3-4.1)/2=
= -0.9ms (ahead)
Speed up
Relay 2
30 19.5
0
8.14 ms
Power Management
The Universal Relay
clock 1
clock 2
Virtual Shaft
e e
L90 Current Differential Relay: Digital Flywheel
If communications is lost, sample clocks
continue to free wheel
Long term accuracy is only a function of the
base crystal stability
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Peer-to-Peer Operation
Each relay has sufficient information to make
an independent decision
Communication redundancy
L90-1
L90-2
L90-3
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Master-Slave Operation
At least one relay has sufficient information to
make an independent decision
The deciding relay(s) sends a transfer-trip
command to all other relays
L90-1
L90-2
L90-3
Data (currents)
Transfer Trip
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Benefits
Increased Sensitivity without sacrificing
Security:
Fast operation (11.5 cycles)
Lower restraint settings / higher sensitivity
Charging current compensation
Dynamic restraint ensures security during CT
saturation or transient conditions
Reduced CT requirements
Direct messaging
Increased redundancy due to master-master
configuration
Power Management
The Universal Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Benefits
Self-Synchronization:
No external synchronizing signal required
Two or three terminal applications
Communication path delay adjustment
Redundancy for loss of communications
Benefits of the UR platform (back-up
protection, autoreclosure, breaker failure,
metering and oscillography, event recorder,
data logger, FlexLogic
TM
, fast peer-to-peer
communications)
D60
Line Distance Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Features
Protection:
Four zones of distance protection
Pilot schemes
Negative sequence TOC
Negative sequence IOC
Phase directional OCs
Neutral directional OC
Negative sequence directional OC
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Protection (continued):
Power swing blocking
Out of step tripping
Control:
Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
Synchrocheck
Autoreclosure

Power Management
The Universal Relay
Metering:
Fault Locator
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger

Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Stepped Distance
Four zones of stepped distance:
individual per-zone per-element characteristic:
dynamic memory-polarized mho
quadrilateral
individual per-zone per-element current
supervision
multi-input phase comparator:
additional ground directional supervision
dynamic reactance supervision
all 4 zones reversible
excellent transient overreach control
Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Zone 1 and CVT transients
Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVTs)
create certain problems for fast distance
relays in conjunction with high Source
Impedance Ratios (SIRs):
the CVT induced transient voltage components
may assume large magnitudes (up to about 30-
40%) and last for a comparatively long time (up
to about 2 cycles)
the 60Hz voltage for faults at the relay reach
point may be as low as 3% for a SIR of 30
the signal is buried under the noise

Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
o
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t
a
g
e

[
p
u
]
time [sec]
"High-C CVT" (CVT-1)
"Extra-High-C CVT" (CVT-2)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
time [sec]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
p
u
]
NOISE COMPONENT 2
60Hz SIGNAL
NOISE COMPONENT 1
Sample CVT output voltages
(the primary voltage drops
to zero)
Illustration of the
signal-to-noise ratio
Power Management
The Universal Relay
CVTs cause distance relays to overreach
Generally, transient overreach may be
caused by:
overestimation of the current (the magnitude of
the current as measured is larger than its actual
value, and consequently, the fault appears
closer than it is actually located),
underestimation of the voltage (the magnitude
of the voltage as measured is lower than its
actual value)
combination of the above

Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
x 10
5
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
time [sec]
voltage
waveform
estimated
amplitude
(a)
Estimated voltage magnitude
does not seem to be underestimated
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
x 10
4
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
time [sec]
estimated
amplitude
(b)
actual
value
2.2% of the nominal =
70% of the actual value
2.2% of the nominal =
70% of the actual value
Power Management
The Universal Relay
-10 -5 0 5 10
-5
0
5
10
15
R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e

[
o
h
m
]
Resistance [ohm]
18
22
26
30
34
42
44 Actual Fault
Location
Line
Impedance
Trajectory
(msec)
dynamic mho
zone extended
for high SIRs
Impedance locus may pass
below the origin of the Z-plane -
this would call for a time delay
to obtain stability
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Transient overreach due to CVTs -
solutions:
apply delay (fixed or adaptable)
reduce the reach
adaptive techniques and better filtering
algorithms
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

R
a
c
h

[
%
]
SIR
Actual maximum reach curves
Relay A
Relay D
Relay S
D60
Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Solution:
Optimal signal filtering
currents - max 3% error due to the dc component
voltages - max 0.6% error due to CVT transients
Adaptive double-reach approach
the filtering alone ensures maximum transient
overreach at the level of 1% (for SIRs up to 5) and
20% (for SIRs up to 30)
to reduce the transient overreach even further an
adaptive double-reach zone 1 has been implemented
Power Management
The Universal Relay
The outer zone 1:
is fixed at the actual reach
applies certain security delay to cope with CVT
transients
Delayed
Trip
Instantaneous
Trip
R
X
The inner zone 1:
has its reach
dynamically
controlled by the
voltage magnitude
is instantaneous
Power Management
The Universal Relay
No Trip
Delayed
Trip
Instantaneous
Trip
Set reach
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
S
e
c
u
r
e

R
e
a
c
h
Voltage
Elements Voltage, pu
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r

f
o
r

t
h
e

i
n
n
e
r

z
o
n
e

1

r
e
a
c
h
,

p
u

Power Management
The Universal Relay
Performance:
excellent transient overreach control (5% up to
a SIR of 30)
no unnecessary decrease in speed

Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Zone 1 Speed
Phase Element
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Fault Location [%]
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

[
m
s
]
SIR = 0.1
SIR = 1
SIR = 10
SIR = 20
SIR = 30
Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Zone 1 Speed
Ground Element
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Fault Location [%]
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

[
m
s
]
SIR = 0.1
SIR = 1
SIR = 10
SIR = 20
SIR = 30
Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Pilot Schemes
Pilot Schemes available:
Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip (DUTT)
Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip (PUTT)
Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (POTT)
Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip
(HYB POTT)
Blocking Scheme

Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Pilot Schemes
Pilot Schemes - Features:
integrated functions :
weak infeed
echo
line pick-up
basic protection elements used to key the
communication:
distance elements
fast and sensitive ground (zero- and negative
sequence) directional IOCs with
current/voltage/dual polarization
Power Management
The Universal Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Benefits
Excellent CVT transient overreach control
(without unnecessary decrease in speed)
Fast, sensitive and accurate ground
directional OCs
Common pilot schemes
protection, autoreclosure, breaker failure,
metering and oscillography, event recorder,
data logger, FlexLogic
TM
, fast peer-to-peer
communications)

T60
Transformer Management Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Features
Protection:
Restrained differential
Instantaneous differential overcurrent
Restricted ground fault
Underfrequency
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Features
Metering:
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger

Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Restrained differential
Internal ratio and phase compensation
Dual-slope dual-breakpoint operating
characteristic
Improved dynamic second harmonic
restraint for magnetizing inrush conditions
Fifth harmonic restraint for overexcitation
conditions
Up to six windings supported

Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Differential Signal
Removal of the zero sequence component
from the differential signal:
optional for delta-connected windings
enables the T60 to cope with in-zone grounding
transformers and in-zone cables with significant
zero-sequence charging currents
Removal of the decaying dc component
Full-cycle Fourier algorithm for measuring
both the differential current phasor and the
second and fifth harmonics

Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Restraining Signal
Removal of the decaying dc component
Full-cycle Fourier algorithm for measuring
the magnitude
Maximum of principle used for deriving
the restraining signal from the terminal
currents:
the magnitude of the current flowing through a
CT that is more likely to saturate is used
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Operating Characteristic
Two slopes used to cope with:
small errors during linear operation of the CTs
(K
1
) and
large CT errors (saturation) for high through
currents (K
2
)
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Operating Characteristic
Two breakpoints used to specify:
the safe limit of linear CT operation (B
1
) and
the minimum current level that may cause large
spurious differential signals due to CT
saturation (B
2
)
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Magnetizing I nrush
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (cycles)
0
500
1000
1500
-400
i [A] (a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (cycles)
I
2
/ I
1
(b)
Sample magnetizing
inrush current
Second harmonic
ratio
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Magnetizing I nrush
New second harmonic restraint:
uses both the magnitude and phase relation
between the second harmonic and the
fundamental frequency (60Hz) component
Implementation issues:
the second harmonic rotates twice as fast as the
fundamental component (60Hz)
consequently the phase difference between the
second harmonic and the fundamental
component changes in time...
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
Fundamental
phasor
2nd harmonic
phasor
( ) ( )
1 2
1
2
1
2
21
arg 2 arg I I
I
I
e I
I
I
t j
=
=
e
Solution:
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Inrush Pattern
3D View
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Internal Fault Pattern
3D View
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Basic Operation:
if the second harmonic drops magnitude-wise
below 20%, the phase angle of the complex
second harmonic ratio is close to either +90 or
-90 degrees during inrush conditions
the phase angle may not display the 90-degree
pattern if the second harmonic ratio is above
some 20%
if the second harmonic ratio is above 20% the
restraint is in effect, if it is below - the restraint
and its duration depend on the phase angle
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
0.1
0 OPERATE
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
New restraint
characteristic
The characteristic is
dynamic
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
I
2
/ I
1
(real)
I
2

/

I
1

(
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
)
Isochrone contours, cycles
0
.
1
0
.
1
0.1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Effective restraint characteristic:
time (cycles) the restraint is kept
vs. complex second harmonic ratio
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Effective restraint characteristic:
time for which the restraint is kept
vs. complex second harmonic ratio
3D View
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Benefits
Up to six windings supported
Improved transformer auto-configuration
Improved dual-slope differential
characteristic
Improved second harmonic restraint
protection,metering and oscillography,
event recorder, data logger, FlexLogic
TM
,
fast peer-to-peer communications)

B30
Bus Differential Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Features
Configuration:
up to 5 feeders with bus voltage
up to 6 feeders without bus voltage
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Protection:
Biased differential protection
CT saturation immunity
typical trip time < 15 msec
dynamic 1-out-of-2 or 2-out-of-2 operation
Unbiased differential protection
CT trouble
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Metering:
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
Phasors / true RMS
active, reactive and apparent power, power
factor (if voltage available)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: CT saturation problem
During an external fault
the fault current may be supplied by a number
of sources
the CTs on the faulted circuit may saturate
Saturation of the CTs creates a current
unbalance and violates the differential principle
The conventional restraining current may not be
sufficient to prevent maloperation
CT saturation detection and other operating
principles enhance the through-fault
stability
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DI F-RES trajectory
External
fault: ideal
CTs
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
DI F differential
RES restraining
Power Management
The Universal Relay
External
fault: ratio
mismatch
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
External
fault: CT
saturation
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Internal
fault: high
current
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Internal
fault: low
current
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
External
fault:
extreme CT
saturation
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Operating principles
Combination of
Low-impedance biased differential
Directional (phase comparison)
Adaptively switched between
1-out-of-2 operating mode
2-out-of-2 operating mode
by
Saturation Detector
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Two operating zones
low currents
saturation possible
due to dc offset
saturation very
difficult to detect
more security
required
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
DIF
1
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Two operating zones
large currents
quick saturation
possible due to
large magnitude
saturation easier
to detect
security required
only if saturation
detected
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
DIF
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Logic
DIF
1

DIR
SAT
DIF
2

O
R

A
N
D

O
R

TRIP
A
N
D

Power Management
The Universal Relay
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
1-out-of-2 (DIF) if no saturation
2-out-of-2 (DIF+DIR) if saturation
detected
2-out-of-2
(DIF+DIR)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
DIF
1

DIR
SAT
DIF
2

O
R

A
N
D

O
R

TRIP
A
N
D

Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
Internal faults - all currents approximately
in phase
Power Management
The Universal Relay
External faults - one current approximately
out of phase
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Check all the angles
Select the maximum current contributor and
check its position against the sum of all the
remaining currents
Select major current contributors and check
their positions against the sum of all the
remaining currents
Power Management
The Universal Relay
"contributor"
(phasor)
differential less
"contributor"
(phasor)
BLOCK
TRIP
TRIP
BLOCK
BLOCK
Power Management
The Universal Relay
BLOCK
OPERATE
BLOCK
BLOCK
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
real
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
imag
I
p
I
D
- I
p
External Fault Conditions
OPERATE
BLOCK
A
LIM
-A
LIM
Power Management
The Universal Relay
BLOCK
BLOCK
BLOCK
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
real
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
imag
I
p
I
D
- I
p
Internal Fault Conditions
OPERATE
OPERATE
BLOCK
Power Management
The Universal Relay
DIF
1

DIR
SAT
DIF
2

O
R

A
N
D

O
R

TRIP
A
N
D

Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
differential-restraining trajectory
dI/dt
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r

1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r

2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r

3
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r

4
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r

5
Time, sec
Sample External
Fault (Feeder 1)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

[
A
]
Restraining [A]
12 3 4 5
6
7
8
9
10 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 27
28
29 30
31 32
33
Phase A (Infms)
Analysis of the DIF-
RES trajectory enables
the B30 to detect CT
saturation
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r

1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r

2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r

3
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r

4
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r

5
Time, sec
Sample External
Fault (Feeder 4) -
severe CT saturation
after 1.5msec
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
15
20
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

[
A
]
Restraining [A]
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
15
16
17 18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Phase A (Infms)
dI/dt principle enables
the B30 to detect CT
saturation
Power Management
The Universal Relay
NORMAL
SAT := 0
EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
EXTERNAL
FAULT / CT SAT
SAT := 1
DIF=1
DIF=0
for 100msec
I
DIF
< K
1
*I
RES
for 200msec
"saturation"
condition
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Operation:
The SAT flag WILL NOT set during internal
faults whether or not the CT saturates
The SAT flag WILL SET during external faults
whether or not the CT saturates
The SAT flag is NOT used to block the relay
but to switch to 2-out-of-2 operating principle

Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Benefits
Sensitive settings possible
Very good through-fault stability
Fast operation (less than 3/4 of a cycle)
protection,metering and oscillography,
event recorder, data logger, FlexLogic
TM
,
fast peer-to-peer communication)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Extensions
6 feeders
6 feeders
6 feeders
fast
communication
F60
Feeder Management Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Features
Protection:
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOC & TOC
Phase TOC with Voltage Restraint/Supervision
Negative sequence IOC & TOC
Phase directional supervision
Neutral directional overcurrent
Negative sequence directional overcurrent
Phase undervoltage & overvoltage
Underfrequency
Breaker Failure (phase/neutral supervision)

Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Features
Control:
Manually Control up to Two Breakers
Autoreclosure & Synchrocheck
FlexLogic
Metering:
Fault Locator
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
apparent power, power factor, frequency

Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Phase Directional Element
Directional element
controls the RUN
command of the
overcurrent element
(emulation of
torque control)
Memory voltage
polarization held for
1 second
VBG VCG
VAG(Faulted)
IA
IA = operating current
Phasors for Phase A Polarization:
ECA
set @ 30
o
VPol = VBC* (1/_ECA) = polarizing voltage
BLOCK
ECA = Element Characteristic Angle @ 30
o
Fault angle
set @ 60
o
Lag
VAG(Unfaulted)
VBC
VBC
VPol
+90
o
-90
o
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Neutral Directional Element
Single protection element providing both
forward and reverse looking IOC
Independent settings for the forward and
reverse elements
Voltage, current or dual polarization
Fast and secure operation due to the energy
based comparator and positive sequence
restraint
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
Limitations of Fast Ground Directional
IOCs:
Spurious zero- and negative-sequence voltages
and currents may appear transiently due to the
dynamics of digital measuring algorithms
Magnitude of such spurious signals may reach
up to 25% of the positive sequence quantities
Phase angles of such spurious signals are
random factors
Combination of the above may cause
maloperations
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
time [sec]
Sample three-phase
fault currents
Power Management
The Universal Relay
-10 -5 0 5 10
-10
-5
0
5
10
Real
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

Sample three-phase
fault currents (phasors)
Pre-fault phasors
(symmetrical)
Fault phasors
(symmetrical)
Transient phasors
(slightly asymmetrical)
Transient phasors
(slightly asymmetrical)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
time [sec]
Sample three-phase
currents (symmetrical
components)
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Solutions to the problem of spurious zero
and negative sequence quantities:
do not allow too sensitive settings
apply delay
new approach:
energy based comparator
positive sequence restraint
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Operating power is calculated as a
function of:
magnitudes of the operating and polarizing
signals
the angle between the operating and polarizing
signals in conjunction with the characteristic
and limit angles
Restraining power is calculated as a
product of magnitudes of the operating and
restraining signals
Power Management
The Universal Relay
The powers are averaged over certain
short period of time creating the operating
and restraining energies
The element operates when

Both forward and reverse operating
energies are calculated
The factor K is lower for the reverse
looking element to ensure faster operation

Energy g Restrainin Energy Operating > K
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
time [sec]
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
time [sec]
Reverse looking
element
Forward looking
element
Restraining Energy
Restraining Energy
Operating Energy
Operating Energy
Despite spurious
negative sequence
neither the forward nor
the reverse looking
element maloperate
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Positive Sequence Restraint:
Classical Negative Sequence IOC:

Positive Sequence Restrained Negative
Sequence IOC:

K
1
= 1/8 for negative sequence IOC
K
1
= 1/16 for zero sequence IOC
PICKUP I >
2
PICKUP I K I >
1 1 2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Negative Sequence Directional Element
Single protection element providing both
forward and reverse looking IOC
Independent settings for the forward and reverse
elements
Mixed operating mode available:
Negative Sequence IOC / Negative Sequence
Directional
Zero Sequence IOC / Negative Sequence Directional
Energy based comparator and positive sequence
restraint
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay

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Protection Overview

Universal Relay Family

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