EM Lab

Engineering Mechanics Lab
Instructor: Dr. S. V. Bakre

Dr. SV Bakre
List of Practical
Experiment
No.
Name of Experiment
1 Determination of the Support Reactions of a Simply Supported Beam
2 Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces using a Force Table
3 Verification of Lamis Theorem using Jib Crane
4 Analysis of a Shear Leg Structure
5
Determination of the Coefficient of Static and Rolling Friction for an
Inclined Plane
6 Analysis of Truss using Structural Mechanics Apparatus
7 Tension Test on a Mild Steel Specimen
8 Torsion Test on a Mild Steel Specimen
9 Determination of Maximum Bending Strength of a Wooden Block
Dr. SV Bakre
Schedule/Conduct of Practicals
Form 6 group
Group 1: Roll # 1-5
Group 2: Roll # 6-10
Dr. SV Bakre
Schedule/Conduct of Practicals
This Week Next Week
Group 1 Pract # 1 Pract # 2
Dr. SV Bakre
Determination of Support Reactions of
a Simply Supported Beam
Aim: To determine reactions at
supports of Simply Supported Beam
Apparatus: Simply Supported Beam
Set-up, Weights and Measuring
Scale
Theory: Types of Support, Types of
Loads, Types of Beam and
Conditions of Equilibrium
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Support
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Support: Pin/Hinge
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Support: Fixed
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Loads:
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Loads:
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Beams: Simply Supported
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Beams: Cantilever
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Beams: SSB + Overhang
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Types of Beams: Fixed and
Continuous
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Apparatus
Practical # 1
Spring
Balance
Spring
Balance
Wooden Beam
Dr. SV Bakre
Theoretical Determination of
Reactions
Practical # 1
L
b W a W
R
2 1
B
+
=
R
A
R
B

L
b
a
W
1
W
2

A
B
E F
y
= 0, R
A
+ R
B
- W
1
- W
2
= 0 ------------------ (1)

E M
A
= 0, R
B
. L W
1
. a W
2
. b = 0 --------------(2)

Solving (1) and (2),
and R
A
= W
1
+ W
2
R
B

Dr. SV Bakre
Procedure
Record the beam length L in centimeters
Place the beam gently on the two dual spring
balances and record the initial readings at
both the balances in kg
Apply the loads W1 and W2 at distance a &
b from end A
Take final readings of spring balances
The difference of initial and final readings
gives the experimental values of reactions RA
and RB; while their theoretical values are
calculated as derived
Repeat the procedure by changing the values
of W1 & W2 and a & b
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Precautions
Before taking the readings
compress the beam and release
it for 1-2 minutes
Apparatus should be well-
lubricated
Practical # 1
Dr. SV Bakre
Observation Table

Practical # 1

100 x
action Re Theortical
action Re al Experiment action Re Theortical
Deviation %
=
Average % deviation for R
A
= ____________ %, for R
B
= ____________ %
Dr. SV Bakre
Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces
Aim: To prove Law of Polygon of
Forces using Force Table
Apparatus: Universal Force Table,
Weights, Pans and Thread
Theory: Law of Polygon of Forces,
Proof and Analytical Solution
Practical # 2
Dr. SV Bakre
Law of Polygon of Forces
Practical # 2
If any number of forces acting on a particle
can be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of a closed polygon
taken in order, then the particle will be in
equilibrium. Conversely, if any number of
forces acting on a particle keep it in
equilibrium, then a closed polygon can be
drawn whose sides represent these forces
both in magnitude and direction.
Dr. SV Bakre
Proof
Practical # 2
Suppose forces P, Q, R and S act on a
body keeping it in equilibrium. Take a
point O as origin and draw OA parallel
and equal to P to some scale. From A
draw AB parallel and equal to Q to the
same scale. The resultant of these two
forces will be represented by OB
according to law of triangle of forces.
From B draw BC parallel and equal to
R. Then OC will represent the resultant
of OB and R. From C draw CD parallel
and equal to S. Then OD will represent
the resultant of all the forces. If the
body is in equilibrium, this resultant
OD must be zero; i.e. O & D must
coincide or it must be a closed
polygon; as shown by the force or
vector diagram.
Dr. SV Bakre
Analytical Solution
Practical # 2
2 2
V H R E + E =
H
V
tan
1
E
E
= |
E H = P + Q cos o + R cos | + S cos

E V = Q sin o + R sin| + S sin
and resultant of all the forces will be
at an angle,
with the horizontal.
Dr. SV Bakre
Apparatus
Practical # 2
Pulleys
Dr. SV Bakre
Procedure
Practical # 2
1. Fix a pulley with its index
mark on zero angle and
the other three with the
index marks making any
set of known angles o, |
and with the first one.
2. Adjust the weights in the
pan / hangers to bring the
ring exactly at the center
(Concentric with the
central pivot).
Q
y
R
P
x
S
y
o
|

Dr. SV Bakre
Precautions
Practical # 2
1. The directions o, | and of the forces as observed are
correct only if the threads connecting the force to the
ring pass through centre of the table. For this the ring
should be exactly concentric with the central pivot.

2. Pulleys should be friction less and the knots in the
threads if any should be fine.
Dr. SV Bakre
Observation Table
Practical # 2
Graph paper has to be used to draw the vector diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Drawing Vector Diagram
S
P
Q
R
Force Diagram Vector Diagram
Scale:
1cm = 1N
P
Q
R
S
Resultant
Closed Polygon,
Particle is in
Equillibrium
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
Dr. SV Bakre
Verification of Lamis Theorem
Aim: To verify Lamis theorem using
Jib Crane
Apparatus: Jib Crane, Weights,
Measuring Scale
Theory: Lamis theorem, Proof of
Lamis theorem
Practical # 3
Dr. SV Bakre
Lamis theorem
Practical # 3
If three Coplanar forces acting on a
particle, keep it in equilibrium, then each
force is proportional to the sine of the angle
between the other two forces.
F
1
F
3
F
2
Force Diagram
o

|

3 1 2
sin sin sin
F F F
o |
= =
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3
Set-up
Spring Balance
Spring
Balance
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3
1. Measure length of the post (Lv). Note initial readings
of the forces in the jib and the tie without loading.
2. Place a load (W) on the pan and note final readings
of the jib and tie forces.
3. Measure the lengths (Lt) and (Lj).
4. Complete the space and the force diagrams.
5. Measure angles o, | and from the diagram.
6. Measure ac and bc to get Pt and Pj graphically and
calculate the same by Lamis Theorem.
7. Repeat above procedure with different weights.

Procedure
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3
Precautions
1. Weights should be added gently
2. Apparatus should be well lubricated
3. Note the initial readings in Jib crane and
spring balance carefully.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3
Observation Table
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3
Analytical Calculations
2 2 2
1
2
j v t
j v
L L L
Cos
L L
o
| |
+
=
|
|
\ .
2 2 2
1
2
t j v
t j
L L L
Cos
L L
|
| |
+
=
|
|
\ .
2 2 2
1
2
v t j
v t
L L L
Cos
L L
| | +
=
|
|
\ .
o

|

Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3
Graphical Solution
o

|

Scale:
1cm = 1/30 Units
Lv
Lt
Lj
a
b
c
o

|

Dr. SV Bakre
Analysis of Shear Leg Structure
Aim: To determine the forces in the
members of loaded shear-legs
space frame
Apparatus: Shear-Legs apparatus,
Weights, Measuring Scale
Theory: Background Information
about the experiment
Practical # 4
Dr. SV Bakre
Background Information
Practical # 4
Dr. SV Bakre
Apparatus
Practical # 4
A
W
C
O
B
D
F
3
F
1
F2
A
W
C
O
B
D
F
3
F
1
F2
Spring Balance
Spring
Balance
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4
1. Note initial readings of the forces in the Shear Legs
and the Tie without loading, if any.
2. Note the lengths OD, OB and OC using Meter Rod.
3. Place a load (W) on the pan and note final readings
of the Shear Legs and Tie forces.
4. Measure the lengths AB, AC, AD and AO.
5. Repeat above procedure with different weights.
6. Complete the Force and the Space Diagrams.
7. Obtain the forces in the Shear Legs and Tie
graphically.

Procedure
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4
Precautions
1. Weights should be added gently
2. Apparatus should be well lubricated
3. Note the initial readings in Shear Legs and
Tie carefully.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4
Observation Table
Dr. SV Bakre
Graphical Solution
Scale: 1cm = 1/30 Units
Practical # 4
1
A
W
C
O
B
D
F
3
F
1
F2
A
W
C
O
B
D
F
3
F
1
F2
L
DO
L
DA L
OA
D
O
A
o

2
Scale: 1cm = 10 N
W

F
3
F
12
a
b
c
Direction of F
12
3
L
BC
L
BA
L
CA
B
C
A
|
1
|
2
Scale:
1cm =
1/30
Units
F
12
a
c
|
1
b
d
|
2
|
1
|
2
Scale: 1cm = 10 N
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
4
Dr. SV Bakre
Determination of Coefficient of Friction
between a Box and Inclined Plane
Aim: To determine the coefficient of
friction using inclined plane set-up
Apparatus: Inclined Plane Set-up,
Wooden, Glass and Steel Box, Cord,
Pan and Weights
Theory: What is Friction? Laws of
Friction, Formula
Practical # 5
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
What is Friction?
When one body slides or tends to do so, on
the surface of another body, the opposing
force that is produced between the surfaces
of contact is Friction
Friction
Inclined Plane
Box
Force, P
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Coefficient of Friction
Frictional resistance along the Surface of contact is
proportional to the normal reaction on the Surface
F N
Or F = . N
Where, is Coefficient of Friction.
Normal
Reaction (N)
Inclined Plane
Box
Frictional
Force (F)
Force, P
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Laws of Friction
1. Frictional force value varies from zero to maximum value
and adjusts itself to resultant force tending to cause
motion.
2. The frictional force acting when the body tends to move is
called the static friction and when the motion occurs, the
frictional force is called kinetic friction.
3. Frictional force does not depend upon area of contact.
4. Frictional force acts tangentially to the surface of contact.
5. The angle between the resultant of the frictional force and
the normal reaction, with the normal reaction is called the
angle of friction.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Apparatus
Angle Measurement
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Apparatus
Glass Wood Steel
Base of the Box
Pan
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Apparatus
The sliding body is a Box of Glass / Wood / Steel kept on a
glass plate.
The inclination u can be adjusted to different values.
The weight (W) includes weight of the box and additional
weight kept in it.
The force (P) is applied through a string attached to the box,
passing over a pulley at top of the plane and carrying a
hanger / pan at its end; so that P = Weight of the pan plus
weights kept on it.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Procedure
1. Adjust the inclined plane at some suitable angle. Record
it as u.
2. Record the weights of the box and the pan.
3. Put some weight in the box and record it as W (inclusive
of weight of box)
4. Add some weights to the pan till the box just starts
moving up. Record P (Inclusive of weight of pan )
5. Change the angle and repeat steps.
6. Repeat the procedure for the remaining boxes.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Precautions

1. Place the weights gently in the pan
2. Check the surface for horizontal level with spirit level and
apply correction to the inclination of the plane, if any.

Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Observations
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5
Theoretical value of
sin

P W
W cos
u
=
u
P
x y
F
W
N
F = . N
E Forces parallel to plane = 0, i.e. E F
x
= 0
-W Sin u + P - N = 0 (1)

E Forces perpendicular to plane = 0, i.e. E F
y
= 0
-W Cos u + N = 0 (2)
Putting for N from (2) in Eqn (1) and solving,
Dr. SV Bakre
Graphical Analysis of a Truss
Aim: To graphically determine
forces in various members of a
truss
Apparatus: Graph Paper, Colored
Pens/Pencils and drawing
instruments
Theory: Trusses, Applications,
Analysis Methods, Modeling of
Trusses, Graphical Method of
Analysis
Practical # 6
Dr. SV Bakre
What are Trusses?
Practical # 6
Trusses are structural systems composed of individual
linear members, connected at their ends to other
members to form an assembly of triangles enclosed on
three sides by members. When load is applied to a
truss the joints (i.e., the vertices of the triangular
areas), each member within the truss is placed into a
state of pure tension or pure compression.
Compression
Tension
Truss
Dr. SV Bakre
Applications
Practical # 6
Dr. SV Bakre
Analysis Methods
Practical # 6
Analytical:
1) Method of Joints & 2) Method of Sections

Graphical:
Method of Joints
Dr. SV Bakre
Graphical Method of Analysis
Practical # 6
Similar to solving Concurrent Force System
E.g.: Law of Polygon of Forces, Lamis
Theorem
Lv
Lt
Lj
a
b
c
o

|

F
1
F
3
F
2
Force Diagram
o

|

Vector Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Given Truss
Practical # 6
60 kN 20 kN
40 kN
Dr. SV Bakre
Notations
Practical # 6
60 kN 20 kN
40 kN
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
A
B C
D E
F G
H I
J K
R
1
R
2
Space Diagram
Determine Unknown Reactions: R
1
& R
2
Dr. SV Bakre
Notations
Practical # 6
60 kN 20 kN
40 kN
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
A
B C
D E
F G
H I
J K
R
1
R
2
Space Diagram
Determine Unknown Reactions: R
1
& R
2
Dr. SV Bakre
Reactions
Practical # 6
60 kN 20 kN
40 kN
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
A
B C
D E
F G
H I
J K
R
1
R
2
Space Diagram
Scale: 1cm = 10 kN
a
b
O
c
d
e
R
1
R
2
Funnicular Polygon
Vector Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Truss in Equillibrium
Practical # 6
60 kN 20 kN
40 kN
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
A
B C
D E
F G
H I
J K
70 kN

50 kN

Space Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Determining Forces at Joint 1
Practical # 6
Scale:
1cm = 10 kN
R
1
F
18
F
12
a
e
f
60 kN 20 kN
40 kN
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
A
B C
D E
F G
H I
J K
R
1
R
2
Space Diagram
1
A
F
70 kN

Space Diagram
E
F
18
F
12
Dr. SV Bakre
Completed Example
Practical # 6

EM Lab

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EM Lab

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Mechanics Lab

Instructor: Dr. S. V. Bakre

E H = P + Q cos o + R cos | + S cos

You might also like