Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mehdi Alasti and Behnam Neekzad, Clearwire Jie Hui and Rath Vannithamby, Intel Labs IEEE Communications Magazine May 2010
Outline
Introduction QoS in IEEE 802.16e QoS in IEEE 802.16m QoS in Long Term Evolution (LTE) Comparison and Conclusions
Introduction
4G broadband wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.16m, and 3GPP LTE have been designed with different QoS frameworks
Service Flow
Dynamic Service Change (DSC) Dynamic Service Delete (DSD) Dynamic Service Activate (DSA)
DSD
DSX_RVD
DSC
DSA_RSP
NULL
DSA OPERATIONAL
DSA_ACK
Supports real-time traffic with fixed-size data packets on a periodic basis Supports real-time traffic with variable-size data packets on a periodic basis Supports delay-tolerant traffic that requires a minimum reserved rate Supports regular data services
7
Contention-based (nrtPSBE)
BS allocates bandwidth for the BR message MS uses a code-division multiple access (CDMA)-based mechanism piggybacked bandwidth request BS polls MS periodically set poll me (PM) bit in the header of a UGS
8
BS provides unicast grants in an unsolicited manner as in UGS An MS uses its periodic allocation for both data transfer and bandwidth request adjustments the allocation is taken from the ertPS SF the MS sends a BR message to the BS with a silence-to-talk-spurt transition
9
IEEE 802.16m advanced air interface (AAI), provides a more flexible and efficient QoS framework
adaptive granting and polling (aGP) service quick access delayed BR and priority controlled access
10
UGS, ertPS, and rtPS are not efficient for applications such as online games, VoIP with adaptive multi-rate (AMR), and delaysensitive TCP based services
more flexible QoS scheduling service to support the adaptation of both the allocation size and inter-arrival
11
primary grant polling interval (GPI) and primary grant size; and optional ones: secondary GPI, secondary grant size, and adaptation method
Advanced BS (ABS) grant advanced MS (AMS) UL allocation GPI with grant size ABS poll AMS for BR periodically every GPI
12
aGP mechanism
During a service, the traffic characteristics and QoS requirements may change
adaptation of scheduling state includes switching between using primary and secondary SF QoS parameters or changing the GPI and/or grant size
13
If primary grant size value is equal to the BR header size, it means this aGP SF is primarily polling-based SF, and hence should be mapped to an rtPS SF Otherwise, this aGP SF is primarily a granting based service, and thus should be mapped to an ertPS SF
14
Quick Access
Random access delay is a significant part of UL access delay Quick access in IEEE 802.16m helps reduce the random access delay 12-bit station ID and 4-bit predefined BR index
15
16
Delayed BR for BE
The service-specific BR header specifies a minimum grant delay to indicate the minimum delay of the requested grant for BE scheduling service When an AMS is cleaning out its buffers, in one UL transmission it can send a delayed BR asking for future packet(s) with minimum expected grant delay if AMS can predict the future packet(s) arrival time
17
An operator can assign AMS with different access classes and block random access from certain AMSs by assigning a minimum access class of the network higher than the access class of those AMSs The BR timer and random backoff parameters can also use different values to support differentiated random access in IEEE 802.16m
18
The traffic running between a particular client application and a service can be differentiated into separate service data flows (SDFs) SDFs mapped to the same bearer receive a common QoS treatment
19
LTE bearer
A non-GBR bearer is referred to as the default bearer, which is also used to establish IP connectivity, similar to the initial SF in WiMAX
20
Maximum bit rate (MBR) Guaranteed bit rate (GBE) Aggregate MBR (AMBR)
22
the LTE air interface scheduler uses the following information as input
Radio conditions at the UE identified The QoS attributes of bearers The interference situation in the neighboring cells
23
The buffer status reporting mechanism informs the UL packet scheduler about the amount of buffered data at the UE
A periodic BSR trigger does not cause a service request (SR) transmission from the UE Otherwise, the SR is transmitted via a random access procedure
Short format can be used to report on one radio bearer group Long format one can be used for four groups
24
IEEE 802.16 service flow between MS and BS LTE bearer between UE and the PDNGW IEEE 802.16 UGS, ertPS, rtPS, nrtPS, BE, and aGP service LTE GBR mechanism is like rtPS; non-GBR mechanism is like BE
25
LTE MBR and GBR are similar to IEEE 802.16 maximum sustained traffic rate and minimum reserved traffic rate LTE AMBR allows the operator to rate cap the total non-GBR bearers of a subscriber
26
The SF QoS parameters are signaled in IEEE 802.16 via DSx/AAI-DSx messages In LTE the QCI and associated nine standardized characteristics are not signaled on any interface
27
Conclusion
Fourth-generation wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.16m, and LTE are designed to support current and future QoS needs This article explains the QoS framework of IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.16m, and LTE, and compares their QoS features against each other
28