HYDROPOWER

Dr. H Prashanth Reddy

Renewable energy sources

http://www.wvic.com/content.cfm?PageID=686&Cat=0

INTRODUCTION
Hydropower is generated from water moving in the hydrological Cycle. The potential energy of moving water from higher elevation to lower elevation is used to generate the hydropower. Hydropower is a renewable energy source. Presently, installed hydropower is 20% of worldwide electricity. It is anticipated that hydropower will be increased significantly in 2020 and 2030s.

History of hydropower
Before invention of electric power, Hydropower used to run watermills, textile mills , flour mills and saw mills. Industrial use of hydropower begin from 1880. Street lighting was connected to Hydropower at Niagara falls, New York. The worlds first hydro electric power station (12.5 kW) was installed in 1882 on Fox River, Appleton, Wisconsin, USA.

Scale of Hydropower
Three gorges in China with 22,500 MW. (98 TWH) Hydropower plant, Itaipu in Brazil with 14,000 MW. (98 TWH) Guri, Venezuela with 10,200 MW. (53 TWH) Grand Coulee in USA 6,809 MW. (20 TWH) Tehri Dam in India 2,400 MW ( 6 TWH)

Three Gorges Dam (PRC)

Itaipu in Brazil

Guri, Venezuela

Grand Coulee in USA

Historic Hydropower Generation

Hydropower generation (TWH) by region

Installed Hydropower

Usage of %age of Hydropower

Advantages of Hydropower stations

Water is available after power generation can be used for irrigation, drinking water and industrial use. Most of the hydropower stations are for multiple purposes. Recently, hydroelectricity has been investigated for use in electrolysis process for hydrogen fuel production. Money generated by hydroelectric power plant is used to pay for other utilities of that plant

Hydropower potential
The total available flow in the mountainous regions has been estimated as 28000 km3. Theoretical potential of the hydropower is 40000 TWH annually. IJHD (2010) estimated technically feasible hydropower world wide is 14,576 TWH/yr. Technical potential range from 47% in Europe to 92% in Africa.

Hydropower potential

Climate change on hydropower potential

Changes in precipitation and runoff 1. At high latitudes and in tropics projection of increased precipitation. 2. In subtropical and mid-lattitude regions precipitation is projected to decrease. 3. In between these areas, precipitation may increase or decrease.

Climate change on hydropower potential

In Asia, it is projected that increased rainfall intensity of seasonal precipitation therefore increasing storage capacities may become of particular importance. Hydropower potential of Europe by 2070s, decline by 6% in Mediterranean region. Increase in 15-30% in North and East Europe. No change in Western and Central Europe. In New Zealand, winter rain is projected to increase in Waikato catchment.

Climate change on hydropower potential

Hydropower in Latin America is vulnerable to rainfall anomalies due to El Nino and La Nina. Glacial retreat is also affect hydropower generation in Chili. In North America, Colorado river hydropower and Grate lakes hydropower likely decrease. Hydropower in Northern Quebec will increase and it decrease in Southern Quebec. Overall impacts of climate change on GHP generation may be expected to be small or positive.

Hydropower technology
Main types of Hydropower (1) Run off the river hydropower plant The running water of river is used for the power generation. (Eg. Niagara falls) Rainy seasons: Maximum power No flowing water: No power (1a)Run off river hydroelectric plant with pond (peak power plant) (1b) Run off river hydroelectric plants without pond (base load plant)

Hydropower technology
(2) reservoir hydroelectric plants The reservoir in the hydroelectric plants can store extremely large quantities of water.
These are treated as peak load and base load plants. Most of the hydropower plants are belongs to this category.

Hydropower technology
(3) pumped storage hydropower plant

Hydropower technology
Classification of Hydropower plants on the basis of installed power.

Hydropower technology
In the classification of head refers to the difference between the u/s and d/s water levels High head hydropower plant (> 800 ft) Pelton turbines are used in HHHPP Medium head hydropower plant (100-800 ft) Francis Turbines are used in MHHPP Low head hydropower plant (< 100 ft) Kaplon or Bulb Turbines are used in LHHPP

Types of hydropower turbines

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Impulse turbines
Impulse turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water to mechanical energy. Nozzle converts pressurized water into a high velocity jet. Pelton wheel Suitable for low flow and high head Turgo is suitable for medium flow and medium head Crossflow is suitable for low head and high flow

Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines convert potential energy of pressurized water into mechanical energy. Highflow rates and low head High specific speed of turbine Francis Turbine medium head Propeller and Kaplan low head Pump turbine Medium head

Hydropower technology
Pelton wheel

Francis Turbine

Hydropower technology

Kaplan turbine

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

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Kaplan turbine

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Bulb turbine

Turbine operational ranges

Hydropower technology
Flow through a Francis turbine depends on net head, rotational speed of turbine and wicket gate opening. Flow through a Kaplan turbine net head, rotational speed of turbine, wicket gate and runner blade angle. Flow through a Pelton wheel is a function of head and nozzle opening.

Hydropower technology
Hill charts: Turbine characteristics Runaway speed: Maximum speed of turbine under no load conditions. Turbine governor: Controls the flow by opening and closing gates, speed of turbine and loading of turbines.

Hydropower technology
Power is proportional to net head multiplied by discharge. The efficiency of converting potential energy to electrical energy is very high in hydropower plants as compared to conversion between other energy sources. Overall efficiency is 75-95% in HPP.

Hydropower technology
Efficiency of hydropower plant depends on (i) Water losses due to leaks, by pass requirements, flood spillage (ii) Frictional losses and minor losses in transport of water to the turbines (iii)The efficiency of the electromechanical equipment (losses in mech. energy of turbine, losses in the generator)

Hydropower technology
Causes for Transients in Hydropower Stations (1) load acceptance (2) load rejection (3) starting of the turbine

Hydropower technology
Accident at Russias Biggest Hydroelectric plant Sayano -Shushenskaya 2009 August 17
Number of units: 10 Francis Turbine Rated power: 650 MW each Discharge per unit 358.5 m3/s Nominal speed: 142.8 Net Head: 194 m Runner Weight: 156 ton Runner diameter 6.77 m

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Before the accident

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After accident

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Thank you

Hydropower technology
References
Kumar, A., T. Schei, A. Ahenkorah, R. Caceres Rodriguez, J.-M. Devernay, M. Freitas, D. Hall, A. Killingtveit, Z. Liu, 2011: Hydropower. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. PichsMadruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlomer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Wikepedia Chaudhry MH, Applied Hydraulic Transients