Anti-infective Therapy

are drugs that are designed to act selectively on foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body range from antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoals, antihelmintics, antivirals and antimycobacterial

Mechanism Of Action
Some interfere with the biosynthesis of bacterial cell WALL Inhibit protein synthesis Change the cell membrane permeability Inhibit DNA synthesis

Adverse Reactions
1. Nephrotoxicity

Antibiotics that are metabolized and excreted in the kidney most frequently cause kidney damage..

Adverse Reactions
2. Gastro-intestinal toxicity Direct toxic effect to the cells of the GI tract can cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea. Some drugs are toxic to liver cells and can cause hepatitis or liver failure.

Adverse Reactions
3. CNS toxicity

When drugs can pass through the brain barrier and accumulate in the nervous tissues, they can interfere with neuronal function

Adverse Reactions
4. Hypersensitivity Most prote antibiotics can induce the bodys immune system to produce allergic responses. Drugs are considered foreign substances and when taken by the individual, it encounters the bodys immune cells.

Adverse Reactions
5. Superinfections Opportunistic infections that develop during the course of antibiotic therapy

Anti Microbal Agents

Are chemicals that eliminate living microorganism that are pathogenic to the patient.

Nursing Process For Antimicrobal Therapy

Assessment History of current infection Past history Allergies Medication history Physical examination Psychosocial Laboratory and diagnostic studies Assessment during antimicrobal therapy

Nursing Diagnosis
Infection: actual (indication) Risk for infection transmission

(indication) Fluid volume deficit: (indication, side effect) Injury, Risk for (side effect)

Planning
Medication Laboratory tests Nursing care

Implementation
Dosage and administration Compatibilities Laboratory Rate of infusion

Patient Education And Health Promotion

Evaluation
Side effect to report ototoxicity nephrotoxicity Drug interacrion Nephrotoxicity Ototoxic potential Neuromuscular blochade

Penincillin
Actions Act by interfering with the snyhesis of bacterial cell wall. Most effective against bacteria that multiply rapidly

Penincillin
Uses Used to treat middle ear infections, neumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infection, syphilis, and gonorrhea and as a prophylactic antibiotic before surgery or dental procedures for patients with histories of rheumatic fever

Penincillin
Therapeutic outcome Pre medication assessment Planning availability

Penincillin
Implementation Dosage and administration Compatibilities Rate of infusion Evaluation Side effects to report Drug interactions

Penincillin
Generic name: amoxicillin Brand name: amoxil, trimox, wymox Availability: 125 and 250 mg chewable tablets and 500 mg capsules 50, 125 and 250 mg/ 5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg/8hr

Penincillin
Generic name: ampicillin Brand name: marcillin, omnipen, principen,totacillin Availability: 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g vials 250 and 500 mg capsules 125, 250 mg/ 5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 0.5 to 1 g/4-6 hr PO: 250-500 mg/6 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: carbenicillin Brand name: geocillin Availability: 382 mg tablets Adult dosage range: PO: 382-764 mg 4 times daily

Penincillin
Generic name: cloxacillin Brand name: cloxapen Availavility: 250 and 500 mg capsules 125 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg/6 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: dicloxacillin Brand name: dynapen, dycill Availability: 125, 250 and 500 mg capsules 62.5 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 125-500 mg/6 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: mezlocillin Brand name: mezlin Availability: 1,2,3,4 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: do not exceed 24 g/24 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: nafcillin Brand name: nallpen, unipen Availability: 0.5,1,2,10 g vials 250 mg capsules Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 0.5-1 g/4-6 hr PO: 250-500 mg/4-6 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: oxacillin Brand name: bactocill Availability: 0.25, 0.5, 1,2,4 10 g vials 250 and 500 mg capsules 250 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: IM,IV: 0.5-1 g/4-6 hr PO: 250-500 mg/4-6 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: penincillin G, potassium or sodium Brand name: pfizerpen, crystapen Availability: vials of 1,2,3,5 and 10,20 million units Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 600,000 to 30 million units daily

Penincillin
Generic name: penincillin V potassium Brand name: penincillin VK pen-vee K, veetids Availability: 250 and 500 mg tablet 125 and 250 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg/6hr

Penincillin
Generic name: piperacillin Brand name: pipracil Availability: 2,3,4 g vials Adult dosage range: IM,IV: 3-4 g every 4-6 hr, not to exceed 24/24 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: Ticarcillin Brand name: Ticar Availability: 1,3,6,20,30 g vials Adult dosage range: IM: do not exceed 2 g/injection site IV: Up to 18 g/24 hr

Combination Products

Penincillin
Generic name: Amoxicillin and potassium clavunate Brand name: Augmentin, Clavulin Availability: 125, 250, 500 and 875 mg tablets 125, 200, 250, 400 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-600 mg every 8 hr IV: 3.1-3.2 g every 4-6 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: Ticarcillin and potassium clavulanate Brand name: Timentin Availability: 3 g ticarcillin/100 mg clavulanate/vile Adult dosage range: IV: up to 18 g/24 hr. infuse over 30 minutes

Penincillin
Generic name: Ampicillin and sulbactam sodium Brand name: Unasyn Availability: 1.5, 3 g bottles and vials Adult dosage range: IM,IV: 1.5-3 g every 6 hr

Penincillin
Generic name: Piperacillin and tazobactam Brand name: Zosyn Availability: 2, 3, 4 g vials Adult dosage range: IV: 3 g every 6 hr

Cephalosporins
Actions Act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefaclor Brand name: Ceclor Generation: 2 Availability: 250-500 mg capsules 375, 500 mg extended release tablets 125, 187, 250, 375 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 every 8 hr; do not exceed 4 g/day

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefadroxil Brand name: Duricef Generation: 1 Availability: 500 mg capsules 1000 tablets 125, 250, 500 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 1-2 g daily in 1-2 doses daily

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefamandole Brand name: Mandol Generation: 2 Availability: 1, 2 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 0.5-1 g every 4-8 hr; do not exceed 12 g/24 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefazolin Brand name: Ancef, Kefzol, Zolizef Generation: 1 Availability: 250-500 mg 11, 10 20 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 250 mg to 1.5 g every 6-8 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefepime Brand name: Maxipime Generation: 4 Availability: 500 mg 1, 2 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 0.5-2 g every 12 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefdinir Brand name: Omnicef Generation: 3 Availability: 300 mg capsules 125 mg/5 ml oral suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 300-600 mg every 12 hr

Cephalosporins
generic name: Cefixime Brand name: Suprax Generation: 3 Availability: 200. 400 mg capsules 100 mg/ 5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 200 mg every 12 hr or 400 mg one daily

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefmetazole Brand name: Zefazone Generation: 2 Availability: 1, 2 g vials Adult dosage range: IV: 2 g every 612 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefonicid Brand name: Monocid Generation: 2 Availability: 1, 10 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 0.5,-1 g daily; do not exceed 2 g daily

Cephalosporins
generic name: Cefoperazone Brand name: Cefobid Generation: 3 Availability: 1, 2 g vials Adult dosage range: IV: 1-3 every g every 6-8 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefotaxime Brand name: Claforan Generation: 3 Availability: 500 mg, 1, 2, 10 g vials Adult dosage range: IV: 1-2 g every 4-8 hr; do not exceed 12 g/day

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefotetan Brand name: Cefotan Generation: 3 Availability: 1, 2, 10 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 1-2 g every 12 hr; do not exceed 6 g/day

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefoxitin Brand name: Mefoxin Generation: 2 Availability: 1, 2, 10 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 1-2 g every 6-8 hr; do not exceed 12 g/day

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefpodoxime Brand name: Vantin Generation: 3 Availability: 100, 200 mg tablets 50, 100 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 200 mg every 12 hr for 7-14 days

Cephalosporins
generic name: Cefrozil Brand name: Cefzil Generation: 2 Availability: 250, 500 mg tablets 125, 250 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg every 12 hr for 10 days

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Ceftazidime Brand name: Fortax, Tazidime, Magnacef Generation: 3 Availability: 500 mg, 1, 2, 6, 10 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 1-2 every 12 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Ceftibuten Brand name: Cedax Generation: 3 Availability: 400 mg capsules 90, 180 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 400 mg daily 2 hr before or 1 hr after meals for 10 days

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Ceftizoxime Brand name: Cefizox Generation: 3 Availability: 500 mg, 1, 2, 10 g vials Adult dosage range: IV: 1-2 g every 8-12 hr

Cephalosporins
generic name: Ceftriaxone Brand name: Rocephin Generation: 3 Availability: 250, 500 mg, 1, 2, 10 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 1-2 one daily; do not exceed 4 g daily

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cefuroxime Brand name: Zinacef, Kefurox, Ceftin Generation: 2 Availability: 125, 250, 500 mg tablets; 750 mg, 1.5 vials 125, 250 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg every 12 hr IV: 750 mg to 1.5 g every 8 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cephalexin Brand name: Keflex, Ceporex Generation: 1 Availability: 250, 500 mg capsules, tablets 1000 mg tablets 125, 250 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250- 1000 mg every 6 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cephalothin Brand name: Keflin,Ceporacin Generation: 1 Availability: 1, 2 20 vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 500 mg 2 g every 4-6 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cephapirin Brand name: Cefadyl Generation: 1 Availability: 1 g vials Adult dosage range: IM, IV: 500 mg to 1 g every 4-6 hr

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Cephradine Brand name: Velosef Generation: 1 Availability: 250, 500 mg capsules 125, 250 mg/5 suspension 250, 500 mg, 1, 2, g vials Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg every 6 hr IM, IV: 500 mg to 1 g every 6 hr; do not exceed 8 g/day

Cephalosporins
Generic name: Loracarbef Brand name: Lorabid Generation: 2 Availability: 200, 400 mg capsules 100 mg/5 ml suspension 200 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 200-400 mg every 12 hr 1 hr before or 3 hr after a meal for 7-14 days

Tetracyclines
Generic name: Demeclocycline Brand name: Declomycin Availability: 150 and 300 mg tablets Adult dosage range: PO: 150 mg four times daily or 300 mg two times daily

Tetracyclines
Generic name: Doxycycline Brand name: Vibramycin Availability: 100 and 200 mg vials 50, 100 mg tablets 20, 50 and 100 mg capsules 25 and 50 mg/5 ml syrup Adult dosage range: IV: 100-200 mg one or two times daily PO: 200 mg on day 1, then 100 mg divided in 2 doses

Tetracyclines
Generic name: Minocycline Brand name: Minocin Availability: 100 mg vial 50 and 100 mg capsules 50 mg/5 ml suspension 50 mg/5 ml syrup Adult dosage range: PO. IV: 200 mg, fallowed by 100 mg/12 hr

Tetracyclines
Generic name: Oxytetracycline Brand name: Terramycin Availability: 250 mg capsules Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg four times daily

Tetracyclines
Generic name: Tetracycline Brand name: Panmycin, Terramycin, Sumycin Availability: 100, 250 and 500 mg capsules and tablets Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg four times daily

Macrolides
Generic name: Azithromyzin Brand name: Zithromax Availability: PO: 250, 600 mg capsules, 100, 200 mg/5 ml suspension 500 mg/10 ml vial for injection Adult dosage range: PO: 500 mg as a single dose on day 1, followed bt 250 mg one daily on days 2-5 for a total dose of 1.5 g IV: as for PO dose

Macrolides
Generic name: Clarithromycin Brand name: Biaxin Availability: PO: 250, 500 mg tablets; 125, 250 mg/5 ml suspension Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg every 12 hr for 7-14 days

Macrolides
Generic name: Dirithromycin Brand name: Dynabac Availability: PO: 250 mg tablets Adult dosage range: PO: 500 mg as a single dose daily; take with food or within 1 hr of having eaten; take for 714 days

Macrolides
Generic name: Erythromycin Brand name: Eryc, ilosone, e-mycin, many others Availability: PO: 250, 333, 500 mg enteric coated tablets, 200, 250, 500 mg chewable tablets; 250, 500 film- coated tablets; 125, 250, 333 mg enteric coated pellets in capsules; 125, 200, 250, 400 mg/5 ml and 100 mg/2.5 ml drops IV: 500,1000 mg vials for reconstitution PO: 250 mg capsules Adult dosage range: PO: 250 mg four times daily FOR 10-14 DAYS IM: 100 mg every 4-6 hr IV: 15-20 mg/kg/24 hr; up to 4 g/24 hr

Macrolides
Generic name: Troleandomycin Brand name: Tao Availability: PO: 250 mg capsules Adult dosage range: PO: 250-500 mg four times daily for 10 days