History of American Education

Group E18_K39: Nguyen Hoang Anh

Ha Quynh Trang
Nguyen Thanh Van

Outline
Colonial Education Early National Education 19th Century Education 20th Century Education 21st Century Education - present

Colonial Education
The primary education for upper class children:
Reading Writing Simple math

Poems

Prayers

Colonial Education
Children of poor families: apprenticeships (3-10 years)

Colonial Education
Paper and textbooks: scarce Common books: Bible, a primer, and a hornbook

The ABCs

Handle
A page from a Hornbook

Colonial Education

Rhymes for each letter

The New England Primer

The New England Primer

Colonial Education
For boys For girls

School day: 7 a.m. At home Breakfast: 9 a.m. Dinner: 2 p.m. 5 p.m. Tutors: Male Tutors: Governess

Colonial Education
Subjects: For boys
Higher math, Greek, Latin, science, celestial navigation (navigating ships by the stars), geography, history, fencing, social etiquette, and

For girls
Basics: Reading, writing, and arithmetic to read their Bibles and be able to record household expenses Important subjects: art, music, French, social etiquette, needlework, spinning, weaving, cooking, and nursing

plantation management

Colonial Education
The sons of a normal planter: taught the basics at home The sons of wealthy planters: sent to boarding schools in England for a higher education Not have the opportunity to go to England for higher education

Colonial Education
Dame school: Tutor: A neighborhood lady (a dame) Subjects: letters (abc's), numbers, and prayers

Colonial Education
District schools Established in latter Colonial years Purpose: expanding education to more people Subjects: reading, writing, and arithmetic
Keeney Schoolhouse in Manchester, Connecticut

Colonial Education

Old Schoolhouse, Mt. Holly, NJ

Early National Education

Many children are taught to read and write at home By the 1750s, literacy rates: the New England colonies: highest (males: 75%; females: 65%) the Middle and Southern colonies: lower Wealthy children had a private tutor (always a man)

Early National Education

For boys grammar school and sometimes college Older boys: learn to become shopkeepers or craftsmen by working with and watching an adult For girls Never Instead : cooking, sewing, and serving an elegant meal. Some were sent to teachers to learn: singing, playing a musical instrument, proper and polite manners,etc

Early National Education

The Revolution War occurred ( 17751783) an emphasis was put on education the US achieved one of the highest literacy rates at the time.

19th Century Education

Education movement: completely private common masses

19th Century Education

The Common School movement education reformers called for public education systems for all. E.g.: Horace Mann in Massachusetts Henry Barnard in Connecticut

19th Century Education

Common-school advocates establish a free elementary education (publicly financed) In 1918: compulsory school attendance laws for elementary-age children (existed in all states)

19th Century Education

After the U.S. civil war (1861-1865): More women became teachers, but the salary was kept very low

20th Century Education

Overview: A giant step in American belief: - Education was for every citizen - Knowledge needed to be actively pursued and be useful in furthering the goals of the nation

20th Century Education

Public Education: 1900 - 1996: the percentage of teenagers who graduated from high school increased from about 6 % to about 85 %. By the 1920s: the invention of the automobile with school buses expanding of the public school system by transporting students in rural areas to school.

20th Century Education

Horse-drawn

Modern School Bus (1950s)

20th Century Education

Private Education: - In 1925, the Supreme Court ruled: States could not compel children to attend public schools Children could attend private schools instead

20th Century Education

In 1999 there were: 27,223 private elementary and secondary schools with 5,162,684 students, and 395,317 full-time equivalent (FTE) teachers

20th Century Education

Education in the Southern States: By 1900, a majority of blacks in the South were literate. In 1912, the Southern States (34% of U.S. population) received only 3% of the education funding.

20th Century Education

Native American Education: In 1924, the Bureau of Indian Affairs controlled education until the 1970s. Reservation Schools became communityrun under the local Department of Education Native Americans have the highest dropput rate at 39%

20th Century Education

Hispanic American Education: Hispanics attended religious mission schools and secular public schools In 1965, the Elementary and Secondary Act was passed Disadvantaged children achieved higher standards in education. Bilingual education programs were added to many schools.

20th Century Education

Asian American Education: Suffered from school segregation until 1946 In 1974, the Supreme Court found that schools must not discriminate against individuals who do not speak English. Non-speaking immigrants in public schools have the rights of: - Equal Educational Opportunities - Sufficient Special Instruction - Respect for teachers

21st Century Education

I Laws and regulations:
2001
The Law No Child Left Behind for all To improve education
To expanding access to higher children education

2003
2004

The Higher Education Act amended To hold schools responsible

To provide for results additional funds for To improve education for graduate studies children with disabilities Individuals with Disabilities Education Act To give parents greater choices To increase accountability

21st Century Education

II Facts and Figures:
Number of Institutions: 26,407 public secondary schools and 10,693 private secondary schools.
(Digest of Education Statistics, 2001)

United States operates one of the largest universal education systems in the world.

21st Century Education

II Facts and Figures:
Enrollment: In 2000, 94% of enrollment in grades 9 12
(High School Facts, 2005, December 14).

21st Century Education

II Facts and Figures:
Graduation: Early in the decade: ~ 80% of African Americans over the age of 25 had graduated from high school
(National School Boards)

Completed high school: from 69% in 1980 to 84% in 2000

21st Century Education

II Facts and Figures:
Expenditures: Between 1995-96 and 2000-01: expenditure per student rose 10% to $7,079
(Digest of Education Statistics, 2001)

The nations total expenditures for education stand at approximately $878 billion a year.

21st Century Education

III Characteristics of U. S. Current Education:
K-12 Organization Private schools Decentralized funding and Administrations Diversity Democratic ideal

21st Century Education

1. K-12 Organization: School attendance is compulsory from Kindergarten through Grade 12. Public education among the ages is taxed supported and free of tuition.

21st Century Education

2. Private schools: Available for those students who choose to pay tuition fee. Many are run by churches and other religious organizations

21st Century Education

3. Decentralized funding and Administration: No national education system Public education expenditures: from local property taxes. State boards of education: set student and teacher standards, approve the classroom curriculum, and often review textbook selections.

21st Century Education

4. Diversity: Ethnical: Today American schools, like the larger society they serve, are more ethnically diverse than ever. Language teaching: from Arabic to Vietnamese. Curriculum: No national curriculum, certain subjects.

21st Century Education

5. Democratic ideal: Equal education opportunity is offered to all citizens