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Managing Information and Information Technology

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Slide content created by Joseph B. Mosca, Monmouth University. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Managers As Information Processors
Information data
Some information put to immediate use
The Manager Some information stored for possible use later. Some information combined to form new information.
Some information discarded
Some information passed on to others
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Data Versus Information

Data:
Raw figures and facts reflecting a single aspect of reality.
Information:
Data presented in a way or form that has meaning.
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Related Terms
Information Technology:
The resources used by an organization to manage information that it needs to carry out its mission.
Accurate Information:
Provides a valid and reliable reflection of reality.
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Characteristics of Useful Information

Timely information:
Available in time for appropriate managerial action.
Complete information:
Provides managers with all the information they need.
Relevant information:
Assures managers that the information is useful to them in their particular circumstances for their particular needs.
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 - 5
Information Management As Control
Information entering the organization
Organizational System: Information used in the organization
Information leaving the organization
Preliminary control
Screening Control
Postaction control
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Building Blocks of a Computer-Based Information System

Input Medium Keyboard, scanner, other computer, network
Processor Central processing unit to organize, manipulate, sort, or calculate data
Output Medium Printer, video, display, other computer, network
Storage Disk or CD-Rom
Control System Software or other form of operating system
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Who Represents the Special User Category?

Knowledge workers:
Specialists, usually professionally trained and certified (engineers, scientists, information technology specialists, psychologists), who rely on information technology to design new products or create new business processes.
Figure 22.4: Determinants of an Organizations Information-Processing Needs
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Major Systems by Level

Transaction-Processing System:
TPS, applications of information processing for basic day-to-day business transactions.
Management Information System:

MIS, supports an organizations managers by providing daily reports, schedules, plans, and budgets.
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Figure 22.5: A Basic Management Information System
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Systems by Level (contd):

Decision Support System:
DSS, an interactive system that locates and presents information needed to support the decision-making process.
Executive Support System:

ESS, a quick-reference, easy-access application of information systems specially designed for instant access by upper-level managers.
Systems by Level (contd):

Artificial Intelligence:
AI, the construction of computer systems, both hardware and software, to imitate human behavior; in other words, systems that perform physical tasks, use thought processes, and learn.
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The Internet
What is the NET?
A gigantic network of networks serving millions of computers and offering information on business, science, and government and providing more than 170,000 separate networks around the world.
Internet Service Provider (ISP):

A commercial firm that maintains a permanent connection to the Net and sells temporary connections to subscribers. World Wide Web:
WWW, a system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information.
Can You Define the Following?

Web browser:
The software that enables the user to access information on the web.
Intranet:
A communication network similar to the internet but operating within the boundaries of a single organization.
Extranet:
Network that allows selected outsiders limited access to an organizations information system.
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Brief View on Creating Information Systems:

Determine needs Determine hardware needs
Develop database
Determine software needs
Integrate databases, hardware, and systems
Develop documentation Test system Monitor system
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What Are Used to Protect Against Intrusion?

FIREWALLS:
Software and hardware systems that allow employees access to both the internet and the companys internal computer network while barring entry by outsiders.
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Limitations of Information Systems
Information systems are expensive and difficult to develop and implement.
Information systems are not suitable for all tasks or problems.
Managers sometimes rely on information systems too much.
Information provided to managers may or not be as accurate, timely, complete, or relevant as it first appears.
Managers may have unrealistic expectations of what the information system can do. The information system may be subject to sabotage computer viruses or downtime.
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The Impact of Information Systems on Organizations Leaner organizations:

Leading to leaner companies with fewer employees.
More flexible operations:

Can offer customers greater variety and faster delivery cycles.
Increased collaboration:
Among internal unites and outside firms.
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Impact of Information Systems (contd):

More flexible work sites:
Separation of the workplace from company headquarters is more common.
Improved management processes:

Instantaneous information is accessible in a convenient, useable format.
Changed employee behavior:

Information systems usually improve employee efficiencies.

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Managing Information and Information Technology

Managers As Information Processors

Some information put to immediate use

Some information discarded

Some information passed on to others

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Data Versus Information

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Useful Information

Information Management As Control

Information entering the organization

Organizational System: Information used in the organization

Information leaving the organization

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Building Blocks of a Computer-Based Information System

Output Medium Printer, video, display, other computer, network

Storage Disk or CD-Rom

Control System Software or other form of operating system

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Who Represents the Special User Category?

Figure 22.4: Determinants of an Organizations Information-Processing Needs

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Major Systems by Level

Management Information System:

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 22.5: A Basic Management Information System

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Systems by Level (contd):

Executive Support System:

Systems by Level (contd):

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Internet Service Provider (ISP):

Can You Define the Following?

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Brief View on Creating Information Systems:

Determine software needs

Integrate databases, hardware, and systems

Develop documentation Test system Monitor system

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

What Are Used to Protect Against Intrusion?

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Limitations of Information Systems

Information systems are expensive and difficult to develop and implement.

Information systems are not suitable for all tasks or problems.

Managers sometimes rely on information systems too much.

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Impact of Information Systems on Organizations Leaner organizations:

More flexible operations:

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Impact of Information Systems (contd):

Improved management processes:

Changed employee behavior:

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