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Contents Computer-related[hide] professions

The actual first computer bug, a moth found trapped on a relay of t

Mouse, keyboard, Electrical engineering, 1.2 First general-purpose computers joystick, image Timeline 1.3 Stored-program architecture of programming Electronic engineering, Input1.4 Semiconductors and microprocessors of webcam, languages, scanner, List 2 Programs Computer graphics tablet, engineering, 2.1 Stored program architecture programming languages by 2.2 Bugs 2.3 Machine code Hardware-related Telecommunications Lists of programming 2.4 Programming language Generational list cite any category, microphone of Organizations device This section does not 2.4.1 Low-level languages Peripheral engineering, languages, List 2.4.2 Higher-level languages languages programming Optical Monitor, printer, (input/output) 3 Components 2.5 Program design Output references or languages, Please engineering, sources. Standards Computer groups ANSI, IEC, IEEE, of programming IETF, ISO, W3C loudspeaker 3.1 Control unit help improve this section by 3.2 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Nanoengineering Non-English-baseddisk drive, Floppy Professional Societies 3.3 Memory programming languages ACM, AIS, IET, IFIP, BCS 3.4 adding citations Computer A 1970s punched card containing Input/output (I/O)linehard diskto reliable one from a FORTRAN 3.5 Multitasking Computer science, drive, 3.6 Multiprocessing Both FreeInternet optical sources. Unsourced material and the Commonly usedsoftware 3.7 NetworkingarchitectureSoftware Foundation, assembly 3.8 Computerengineering, Desktopdrive, paradigms Free/Open source languageARM, MIPS, x86 disc Main article: Programming4 Misconceptions Mozilla Foundation, Apache mayrun. Unlike natural languages, programming be challenged and teleprinter languages Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to 4.1 Required publishing, Humancomputer technology
Unix and BSD

Antikythera Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in som mechanism, Difference Grace Hopper is credited for having first used the term "bugs" inFirst generation Calculators after aengine, computing dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II compute Norden

In most computers, individual instructions are stored as 1 History of computing Programmable Analytical engine, machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode f devices Harvard Mark I, Z3 While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machineearly computers and while this technique was used with many early computers AtanasoffBerry 1.1 Limited-function language)
GNU/Linux List of Linux distributions, Comparison of Linux distributions

Programming languages

(mechanical/elect romechanical)

UNIX System V, IBM AIX, HP-UX, Solaris (SunOS), IRIX, List of BSD operating systems

bombsight Jacquard loom,

Calculators

Microsoft Windows

Operating system

Second generation (vacuum tubes)

Library

Colossus, ENIAC, Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Mac OS Machine, EDSAC, Embedded and realList of embedded time systems Programmable operatingManchester Mark Amoeba, 1, Ferranti devices Experimental Oberon/Bluebottle, Plan 9 from Bell Labs Pegasus, Ferranti DirectX, OpenGL, Mercury, CSIRAC, Multimedia OpenAL EDVAC, UNIVAC I, C standard library, Programming library Standard Template Library IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 650, Z22 TCP/IP, Kermit, FTP, Protocol
DOS 86-DOS (QDOS), PCDOS, MS-DOS, DRDOS, FreeDOS Mac OS classic, Mac OS X HTTP, SMTP File format HTML, XML, JPEG, MPEG, PNG Microsoft Windows, GNOME, KDE, QNX Photon, CDE, GEM, Aqua Command-line interface, Text user interface

Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8

Computer, IBM 604, UNIVAC 60, UNIVAC 120

Data

Third generation Mainframes (discrete Graphical user interface (WIMP) transistors andinterface User SSI, MSI, LSI Text-based user interface integrated Minicomputer circuits) Minicomputer
Office suite

IBM 7090, IBM 7080, IBM System/360, BUNCH

4-bit microcomputer

Word processing, Desktop publishing, Presentation program, Database management system, Scheduling & Time management, Spreadsheet, Accounting software

PDP-8, PDP-11, IBM System/32, IBM System/36 Intel 4004, Intel 4040

VAX, IBM System i

Intel 8008, Intel Browser, E-mail 8080, client, Web server, Motorola Internet Access Mail transfer agent, 8-bit 6800, Instant messaging Motorola microcomputer Computer-aided MOS 6809, design, ComputerTechnology 6502, aided manufacturing, Design and Plant management, Zilog Z80 manufacturing Robotic
Supply chain Intel 8088, Zilog management 16-bit Z8000, WDC microcomputer Raster graphics 65816/65802 editor, Vector graphics editor, 3D manufacturing,

program. Th

interaction,C, C++, SCSI, PCI, Information Software (July C#, COBOL, removed.Foundation Ada, BASIC,RS-232,2012) Short Commonly used Software-relatedhigh-level range language Pascal, technology, Lisp, USB Fortran, Java,Information Main article: Low-levellanguages programming programming Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them systems, Computational Computer busses Long rangeObject Pascal Ethernet, science, Software ATM, (computer Bourne script, JavaScript, Commonly used scripting 6 See also FDDI Main article: High-level 7 Notes networking) programming languagePerl engineering, Video languages Python, languagePHP, game and Ruby, is often difficult 8 References Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly
Software engineering Interpreter, Debugger, Text editor, Integrated development environment, Software performance analysis, Revision control, Software configuration management Educational Edutainment, Educational game, Serious game, Flight simulator Games Strategy, Arcade, Puzzle, Simulation, First-person shooter, Platform, Massively multiplayer, Interactive fiction

groups

5 Further topics

modeler, Intel 80386, Animation Graphics editor, 3D computer graphics, Pentium, Video 32-bit Fourth generation microcomputer editing, Image processing Motorola 68000, (VLSI integrated Digital audio editor,architecture ARM Audio playback, circuits) Application Audio Mixing, Audio Alpha, synthesis, Computer MIPS, PA64-bit music RISC, PowerPC, microcomputer[53] SPARC, Compiler, Assembler, x86-64

languages are designed to

5.1 Artificial intelligence 5.2 Hardware Intel 8048, Intel Embedded computer5.2.1 History of computing 8051 Desktop hardware computer, Home 5.2.2 computer, Laptop low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particula (collectively Other hardware topics termed computer, 5.3 Software Personal Personal digital computer 5.4 Languages assistant (PDA), Portable computer, Tablet 5.5 Professions and organizations
PC, Wearable computer

9 External links

Artificial intelligence, Quantum Antivirus software, Malware scanner, computer, Misc Installer/Package management Chemical systems, File Theoretical/experi computer, DNA manager mental computing, Optical computer, Spintronics based computer

industry, Web design

is also error prone. Therefore,

Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem, collection of inputs, using the programming constructs

Main articles: Central processing unit and Microprocessor

A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (c Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing uni