BOTTLED WATER

BY S. ANJALI DAISY RAMYA SHREE

INTRODUCTION

Bottled water is water that is intended for human consumption and that is sealed in bottles or other containers with no added ingredients except that it may optionally contain safe and suitable antimicrobial agents. water that has been produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, or other suitable processes -Purified Water water containing not less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS), coming from a source tapped at one or more bore holes or springs, originating from a geologically and physically protected underground water source, may be "mineral water." Mineral water shall be distinguished from other types of water by its constant level and relative proportions of minerals and trace elements at the point of emergence from the source, due account being taken of the cycles of natural fluctuations.

Continued
Millions of dollars are spent on advertising campaigns to give consumers the perception that bottled water comes from pristine mountain springs or magical underground aquifers, assuring purity and quality.

The fact is that bottled water is oftentimes only a little more than just tap water in a bottle. sometimes worse.
There are no regulations or requirements that bottled water must be any higher in quality than tap water.

Types of bottled water

Artesian Water obtained from a well that taps a confined aquifer, an underground layer of rock or sand that contains water. Example: Fiji Natural Artesian Water. Water that has been boiled and then recondensed from the steam that the boiling produces. Distillation kills microbes and removes minerals, giving water a flat taste. Example: Glacau Smartwater. Groundwater that naturally contains at least 250 parts per million of dissolved solids. All minerals and other trace elements must be present in the water when it emerges at the source. Example: Calistoga.

Distilled

Mineral

P.W.S.

Public water source, also known as municipal water supply, or tap water. Fun fact: Aquafina, one of the top 10 selling domestic brands, used to say P.W.S. on its labelbut changed that in 2007 under pressure from Corporate Accountability International to make clear that the water came from a public supply and not some pristine mountain spring called P.W.S.

Purified

Water from any source that has been treated to remove chemicals and pathogens according to standards set by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. Must contain no more than 10 parts per million of dissolved solids. Distillation, deionization, and reverse osmosis are all purification methods. Examples: Aquafina, Dasani.

Sparkling

Water that contains carbon dioxide at an amount equal to what it contained when it emerged from its source. Carbon dioxide lost during the treatment process may be added back. (Carbonated waters such as soda water and seltzer are considered soft drinks, not bottled waters.) Example: Perrier.

Spring

Water derived from an underground formation from which water flows naturally to the Earths surface. Spring water must be collected at the spring or through a borehole tapping the underground formation (aquifer) feeding the spring. Examples: Arrowhead Mountain Spring Water (Nestl), Evian.

Brands

Aquafina Bisleri

Kinley
Himalayan Rail Neer

Aquafina

Pepsico Inc

unflavored product, is derived from local municipal tap water sources and goes through a purification process that incorporates reverse osmosis,ultraviolet and ozone sterilization
Pepsi first tried to attack this market with bottled and sparkling water but failed. In 1994, Pepsi had the idea of using its bottlers to filter local tap water and offering the resulting product under the name of Aquafina. They experimented with a reverse osmosis process pushing already filtered tap water at high pressure through fiber glass membranes to remove even the tiniest particles.This process created water with no taste or odor. In addition, because the process used tap water it was inexpensive and would compete well on price with the other spring waters in the market. Pepsi wanted to target everyone with the mainstream water at an everyday price. Enjoy the crisp, refreshing taste of Aquafina100% pure, non-carbonated, purified drinking water. The consistent purity and great taste of Aquafina are guaranteed by means of a state-of-the-art purification process that includes reverse osmosis and carbon filtration. Since its debut in 1995, Aquafina has won over consumers with its great taste and purity. Aquafina is currently America's #1 selling bottled water brand in measured retail channels.

HydRO-7 Process
1
Removes particles Catches smaller particles Eliminates organic matter Removes solids with pressure

Static Mixer

Prefiltration Polishing Polishing Filter Filter UV UV

Reverse Osmosis

5
PUBLIC WATER SOURCE Isolates trace elements Makes water clear

Final purification stage Ozone Ozone Generator

Activated Activated Carbon Carbon Purifier Purifier

Polishing Filter

Ozonated Ozonated Water Water Tank Tank

Composition

162-TDS 7.2-ph factor 13.68-Calcium 23-Chlorides 57.5-Bicarbonate 7.75-Magnesium 2-Nitrate 18.93-Sulphates 65.19-Hardness

CSR Activities
1.Human sustainability policies
Quality

& Food Safety Programs Responsible marketing Health care Reform 2.Environmental sustainability policies Pepsico environmental policy Sustainable agriculture policy Sustainable packaging policy 3.Replenishing water 4.Solid waste Management programme Aquafina has the new campaign Positive Water Balance (PWB) which does replenishment of water, waste to wealth .

ECOFINA
At 10.9 grams, Aquafinas new half-liter Eco-Fina plastic water bottle is the lightest in its class. The new bottle is made with 50 percent less plastic, which could help eliminate an estimated 75 million pounds of plastic annually. Aquafina is further reducing the environmental footprint of its water by eliminating cardboard base pads from its 24-packs. The company says this move will save 20 million pounds of corrugated material by 2010.

BISLERI

Bisleri was originally an Italian Company created by Signor Felice Bisleri. It was introduced in Mumbai in 1965. Parle bought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. In 1969.Later Parle switched over to PVC non returnable bottles & finally advanced to PET containers.

Currently Bisleri has 60% market share in packaged drinking water in India. Bisleri is basically of Italian origin.
Bisleri was the first bottled industry to bring about the concept of selling bottled waters in India. 1st introduced in Mumbai in glass bottles in two varieties - still and bubbly in1965.It has started plant in Mumbai in 1969. Since 1995 Mr. Ramesh J. Chauhan has started expanding Bisleri operations substantially. Bisleri has grown popular for the purest drinking water.

Composition

80-120ppm TDS 6.5-7.5-ph factor 75ppm-Calcium 200ppm-Chlorides 30ppm-Magnesium 45ppm-Nitrate 200ppm-Sulphates

CSR ACTIVITIES
1. The Bisleri trust called the Jayanti Lal Chauhan Trust (JCERT) works extensively in areas of ground water augmentation and rain water harvesting. 2. JCERT has successfully completed 35 projects of check dam construction and has managed to conserve 10 thousand million litres of rain water. 3. On the occasion of Childrens Day, Bisleri organized an art event for 30 underprivileged children as well as the children of its employees. 4. Bisleri harvests 10 billion litres of rain water every year. 5. Aqua Green Revolution. 6. The PET recycling industry is an idea that was seeded by

KINLEY

Kinley is a brand of bottled water owned by The Coca-Cola Company. The Coca-Cola system in India has improved its water use efficiency (water usage ratio) by over 25 percent since 2005. Kinley has grown nowadays in a very fast manner and has grown upto 40% market share . It has innovated its products at a fast pace and has strongly competed with Aquafina and Bisleri.

CSR Activities

1. 113 drip irrigation projects 2. Endeavor to recycle all our solid wastes materials including PET articles. 3. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) projects at 39 SOS locations 4. At the end of 2010, our system in India had installed more than 400 rainwater harvesting structures spread across 22 states.

HIMALAYAN

A product of Mount Everest Mineral Water (MEW), a Tata enterprise, the Himalayan mineral water brand. The presence of natural minerals differentiates Himalayan from other bottled water brands and fortifies it with qualities that benefit the customer. Untouched and unprocessed mineral water sourced from the Himalayan Unique packaging and a winning 'Live natural' philosophy India's premium "lifestyle" mineral water brand Himalayan has reached a record number of 2,000 outlets across India and momentum continues to grow The beverage of choice in many premium hotels, restaurants, corporate offices, airports and wellness centres Himalayan is the only internationally accepted natural mineral water from India.

CSR

Jamshedpur, the home of Tata and perhaps the worlds most successful company town. Tata runs almost all the citys institutions: these include a 980-bed hospital, a zoo, a giant sports stadium, academies for football, archery and athletics, golf courses and the local utility company. The company also employs 250 people to work with local tribesmen, to improve agriculture, health care and education, and regularly sends a hospital train farther into the hinterland. The city is remarkably well run by Indian standards, with broad avenues, green parks, reliable power and water that you can drink. Tata Tea (now Tata Global Beverages) has sold its vast plantation in the Western Ghats where it was the biggest employer for more than a century. But rationalisation has not gone far by Western standards. The tea plantations were sold to former employees. But still, Tata Groups gave generous pensions to the thousands of workers it got rid of.

RAIL NEER

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd. (IRCTC), is providing clean, safe and hygienic water to railway passengers. IRCTC, a public sector undertaking under the Ministry of Railways, is manufacturing Rail Neer brand of Packaged Drinking Water at these locations i.e. Nangloi (Delhi), Danapur (Bihar) and Palur (near Chennai) with cumulative production capacity of 3.80 lakh bottles (1 litre capacity) per day. The aim of IRCTC is to supply safest drinking water at cheapest price with the usage of minimum resources so as to conserve environment. The one litre bottle of Rail Neer is sold at Rs. 15/- (per bottle of one litre) on all Railway stations and trains.

MINERAL WATER RECIPES

Recipe 1: Calcium/Magnesium water 1 liter filtered tap water 1/8 tsp. magnesium sulfate (epsom salts) 1/8 tsp. calcium chloride Recipe 2: Alkaline Magnesium water 1 liter filtered tap water 1/8 tsp. (teaspoon) sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) 1/8 tsp. potassium bicarbonate 1/8 tsp. magnesium sulfate (epsom salts)

EPA and FDA

Bottled water must meet FDA standards for physical, chemical, microbial, and radiological contaminants.

When EPA sets a new standard for a contaminant in tap water, FDA must establish a new standard for the same contaminant in bottled water or find that EPAs new standard is not applicable to bottled water.

INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Contaminant Arsenic Antimony Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Nitrate Nitrite Total Nitrate and Nitrite Selenium Thallium Concentration in milligrams per liter (or as specified) 0.010 .006 2 0.004 0.005 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.005 0.002 0.1 10 (as nitrogen) 1 (as nitrogen) 10 (as nitrogen) 0.05 0.002

Contaminant(CAS Reg. No.) Benzene (71-43-2) Carbon tetrachloride (56-23-5) o-Dichlorobenzene (95-50-1) p-Dichlorobenzene (106-46-7) 1,2-Dichloroethane (107-06-2) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (75-35-4) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-59-2) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (156-60-5) Dichloromethane (75-09-2) 1,2-Dichloropropane (78-87-5) Ethylbenzene (100-41-4) Monochlorobenzene (108-90-7) Styrene (100-42-5) Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) Toluene (108-88-3) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (120-82-1) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (71-55-6) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5) Trichloroethylene (79-01-6) Vinyl chloride (75-01-4) Xylenes (1330-20-7)

VOC

Concentration in milligrams per liter 0.005 0.005 0.6 0.075 0.005 0.007 0.07 0.1 0.005 0.005 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.005 1 0.07 0.20 0.005 0.005 0.002 10

PESTICIDES & SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS

Contaminant(CAS Reg. No.) Alachlor (15972-60-8) Atrazine (1912-24-9) Benzo(a)pyrene (50-32-8) Carbofuran (1563-66-2) Chlordane (57-74-9) Dalapon (75-99-0) 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (96-12-8) 2,4-D (94-75-7) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (103-23-1) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (117-81-7) Dinoseb (88-85-7) Diquat (85-00-7) Endothall (145-73-3) Endrin (72-20-8) Ethylene dibromide (106-93-4) Glyphosate (1071-53-6) Heptachlor (76-44-8) Heptachlor epoxide (1024-57-3) Hexachlorobenzene (118-74-4) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (77-47-4) Lindane (58-89-9) Methoxychlor (72-43-5) Oxamyl (23135-22-0) Pentachlorophenol (87-86-5) PCB's (as decachlorobiphenyl) (1336-36-3) Picloram (1918-02-1) Simazine (122-34-9) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) (1746-01-6) Toxaphene (8001-35-2) 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) (93-72-1) Concentration in milligrams per liter 0.002 0.003 0.0002 0.04 0.002 0.2 0.0002 0.07 0.4 0.006 0.007 0.02 0.1 0.002 0.00005 0.7 0.0004 0.0002 0.001 0.05 0.0002 0.04 0.2 0.001 0.0005 0.5 0.004 3*10-8 0.003 0.05

Contaminants
Contaminant Concentration in milligrams per liter

Aluminum

0.2

Silver

0.1

Sulfate1

250.0

If the TDS content of mineral water is below 500 ppm, or if it is greater than 1,500 ppm, the statement "low mineral content" or the statement "high mineral content", respectively.

CERTIFICATIONS

IBWA NSF UL

Mineral water

The more calcium and magnesium ions that are dissolved in water -the harder

Water with few dissolved calcium and magnesium ions is -soft.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration - mineral water as water containing at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids (TDS), originating from a geologically and physically protected underground water source.

No minerals may be added to this water.

In many places, the term "mineral water" is colloquially used to mean any

bottled carbonated water or soda water, as opposed to tap water.

Bisleri
1.Water treatment plant and Filler System 2.Quality Checks pH meter , Nephlometer, Spectrophotometer 3. Distribution and Packaging: Aggressive growth strategy increase distribution network

increasing transportation costs Revamped packaging to green concept in 2006 4.Recycling and water management : Smart Recycling-water

replacements and plastics-100% (Storage based production than

order based)

AQUAFINA

HydRO-7
A water recovery system - saving over 280 million gallons of water/yr Plastic water bottles - 100% recyclable (cap, label &multipack outer wrap) Recycling support for events worldwide 15,000 tractor-trailer loads of empty bottles off the road and saved 260 thousand gallons of fuel and related emissions

Plastics Labels only 40% energy savings Eco-Fina Bottle - 35% less plastic than the 2002 version Patented spider web technology- a flexible lightweight bottle design that uses 50% less plastic

Rail Neer

Rs.76.26 crore -to the revenues of Indian Railways as against a sum of Rs. 62.76 Crore during the previous year.

Water (bore wells)-stored in an underground reservoir and pumped to the treatment plant & comply with state Pollution control norms.

Employs 8 purification processes capable of yielding water quality conforming to BIS standard IS 14543-2004.

6 Fully automatic plant from the stage of loading to the stage of filling and capping of the water bottles.

Storage place for storing minimum ten days production or say 85 thousand cartons.

Rail Neer

Waste water discharge from Water treatment plant has been reduced to 10% Distributed to various Railway stations through selected CFAs (carry and forwarding agencies) under supervision of IRCTC.

To meet further demand, it is proposed to setup more plants on

PPP model. 102000 bottles/day & 180000 bottles/day Initiatives planned for tourism, catering

KINLEY

Coca-Cola's bottling plant near Jaipur. Water free except the pay to the State Pollution Control Board

. It extracts half a million litres of water every day - at a cost of 14

paise per 1,000 litres. So, a Rs.10 per litre Kinley water has a raw material cost of just 0.02-0.03 paise. (It takes about two to three litres of groundwater to make one litre of bottled water.) Largest purchaser of sugar in India, procures about 250,000 tonnes of sugar annually Packaging Initiatives-purely profit based

Environmental Footprint

Coca-Cola India : Practices water stewardship in three areas: reduction of the water usage ratio, recycling the water used in

operations

and

replenishing

the

water

used

in

manufacturing.

56 bottling plants in India and uses 2.5 litres of water to make every 1-litre bottle of the carbonated drink.

To ensure availability of ground water, it had installed about 600 rainwater harvesting structures across India and

Environmental Footprint
Bisleri : Water foot printing is not only about reporting one's water consumption; it is about "how much you use and how much you save".

"For every litre of water used for Bisleri, at least 20 litres of rain water is harvested. The company has set itself a target to increase this benchmark to 30 litres. To produce one bottle of the drink, it takes a litre of water for Bisleri.

"The company has stopped using water for rinsing the bottles in its bottling plants. We use ozone
to rinse the bottles. It saves a lot of water". The company produces two million bottles of water per day from its 50 bottling plants. Earlier, the ratio was 2:1, which meant for every litre of packaged water, the company was using two litres of

water. It has now been able to bring it down to 1:1.

PepsiCo

The audit - PepsiCo had achieved "positive water balance" stated that "debit" 5168 mml of water (or 5.168 billion liters) & "credit" 6004 mml

of water (6.004 billion litres

However, PepsiCo is responsible for using

much, much more than 5.168 billion litres of

water in India. !!

HIMALAYAN

Himalayan water is untouched by human hands, unprocessed and has a unique taste acquired over years of filtration Aquifer located in the Shivalik range of the Himalayas The water is sourced from a large pristine and protected aquifer which flows well below the earths surface. The water is collected in the catchment area and travels through rocks, clay and soil, thereby collecting the minerals available therein. HACCP, BIS and ISI in India.

It is a well known fact that the Himalayan and Shivalik foothill ranges receive good amount of rain -80% Except for a small fraction which infiltrates into the sloppy surface of the mountains, the rest gets converted into run-off and is drained to major rivers.

Natural filters that trap sediment and other particles (like

bacteria) and provide natural purification of the ground water flowing through them.

The process of travelling from the catchment area, reaching the aquifer and then being bottled takes a period of over 20 years. The aquifer has a recharge capacity of 1 billion litres every year.

Himalayan is the only natural mineral water from India, internationally

accredited by the US FDA, the health ministries of Japan and France, the European Union and Germany

A unique taste acquired over years of filtration as it makes its way to the
underground aquifer.

ANALYSIS
Health, Social & Environmental Aspects Ingredients without harmful contaminants ProcessingPurification Methods and operations Organisational policies Nutritional values Statutory Compliances Sustainability Ethical Behaviour Aquafina 7 Bisleri 9 Kinley 9 Rail Neer 8 Himalayan 10

10

7 5 9 8 5 5

8 5 9 7 7 5

6 8 4 4 3

7.5 9.5 3 7 -

8.5 8 9 9 8.5 9.5

Natural Mangament and conservation

Waste Management 1.Plastics 2.Paper 3.Water Storage and Refrigeration

5.5

10

Health, Social and Environmental Aspects Transportation

Aquafina
7 8

Bisleri
4 2 7 8 7 (7.2)9 8.5(17) 9.5 7.5 7 7 3 153.5/22=7

Kinley
4 5 4 7 7 (7.2)9 8(19) 6 8 5 5 2 124.5/=5.6

Rail neer
6 0 9 9 15 7 7 3 1 2 105/18=5.8

Himalayan
8 7.5 2 9 10 (6.7)8 7.5(20) 10 4 9.5 9 10 182.5/22=8.3

CSR Initiatives Eco Labelling Transparency 8 Certifications/standards (5.8)7 Ph Factor 8(19) Pricing 9.5 Quality & Taste 9 Distribution & Packaging 8 Sourcing Innovation/Recycling Efforts Environmental footprint 163/22=7.4 TOTAL(out of 10) 8 5 8 7.5

Conclusion

Ahmedabad-based Consumer Education and Research Society (CERS), an independent non-profit institution with a sophisticated product-testing laboratory, recently carried out a detailed study on 13 major brands of bottled water available in the country - Results !

Health Awareness is essential

Avoid re-use of Bottled water

References

http://bottledwaterfreeday.ca/downloads/BWFD-Factsheet-environmental-impact.pdf http://www.bottledwater.org/education/environmental-impact/environmental-footprint http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/bisleri-s-growing-thirst-for-volumes111093000089_1.html

http://www.scientificpsychic.com/health/mineral-water.html http://www.banthebottle.net/articles/the-true-ingredients-of-bottled-water/ http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/165-110-bottled-water-19705533 http://www.toxicfreecanada.ca/pdf/Toxic_footprint_brochure_web.pdf

https://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&tbo=d&sclient=psyab&q=water+footprint+of+bisleri&oq=water+footprint

http://www.indiaresource.org/news/2011/PepsiPositiveWaterDeception.pdf http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/bisleri-international

References

http://bottledwaterfreeday.ca/downloads/BWFD-Factsheet-environmentalimpact.pdf http://www.bottledwater.org/education/environmental-impact/environmentalfootprint http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/bisleri-s-growingthirst-for-volumes-111093000089_1.html http://www.scientificpsychic.com/health/mineral-water.html http://www.banthebottle.net/articles/the-true-ingredients-of-bottled-water/ http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/165-110-bottled-water-19705533 http://www.toxicfreecanada.ca/pdf/Toxic_footprint_brochure_web.pdf https://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&tbo=d&sclient=psyab&q=water+footprint+of+bisleri&oq=water+footprint http://www.indiaresource.org/news/2011/PepsiPositiveWaterDeception.pdf http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/bisleriinternational

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