INTRODUCTION

The first car was built by Joseph Cugnot in 1769. It was powered by a steam engine and was very slow. In 1784 James watt built the steam powered vehicle. In 1802,richard Trevithick developed a steam engine that travelled from Cornwall to London. Nikolaus August Otto built the first four cylinder engine. In 1886 Gottlieb Daimler designed the first four wheeled automobile. They also created the first v-slanted engine. Karl Benz, know as one of the founders of Mercedes-Benz, is the first to build an automobile powered by an internal combustion engine. Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach with Benzs manufacturing firm in 1926 to create Daimler-Benz. The joint company makes cars today under the Mercedes-Benz nameplate, and Daimler Chrysler Henry Ford, a famous car company founder, designed the worlds biggest car manufacturer, manufacturing over 15 million Model Ts by 1927 Hybrid cars have also been around since the 1900s. The first hybrid commercial truck was built in 1910, and as the gasoline engine was refined interest in hybrids died down.

FOUR STROKE ENGINE

Four-stroke engines were one of the earliest improvements made to internal combustion engines in the late 1800s It replaced the 2 stroke Benz motorwagen. Four-stroke engines carry several benefits, including improved fuel economy, more durability, more power and torque, and cleaner emissions. However, compared to twostroke engines, they are more complicated and expensive to make, and require the use of valves for the intake and exhaust of gases.

FORCED INDUCTION

An engine requires three things to generate motion: fuel, air, and ignition. More power without an increase in engine size parts that do make it happen turbochargers and superchargers . A good example is the turbocharged Mini Cooper S, which only has a 1.6-liter engine but produces more than 200 horsepower in some applications The drawbacks? Cars that have turbochargers often require premium gasoline. Then there's the issue of turbo lag, where the power gains aren't felt until the turbocharger spools up at higher revolutions per minute (RPM)

FUEL INJECTION

Since the late 1980s, carburetors have been almost completely replaced by fuel injection. Fuel injectors spray gasoline into the air intake manifold, where fuel and air mix together into a fine mist. So why did fuel injection replace the carburetor? Benefits: Better throttle response, increased fuel efficiency, more power, easier starting. Drawbacks: More complexity and potentially expensive repairs.

DIRECT INJECTION

On a direct injection engine, fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion chamber, not into the air intake manifold Direct injection provides a leaner mix of fuel, which burns more efficiently. In some ways it makes gasoline-powered engines more similar to diesel engines, which have always used a form of direct injection. Sometimes, direct injection engines can exhibit the buildup of carbon deposits on the intake valves, which could cause reliability issues. Some car tuners have expressed difficulty with modifying direct injection engines as well

ALUMINIUM ENGINE BLOCKS

Benefits: Lighter weight leads to more efficiency and better handling Drawbacks: Can warp at high temperatures

OVERHEAD CAMSHAFTS

The term refers to the number of overhead camshafts above each cylinder in the engine. Camshafts are part of your car's valvetrain, which is a system that controls the flow of fuel and air into the cylinders. The benefit to the overhead cam setup is that it allows for more intake and exhaust valves, meaning fuel, air and exhaust can move more freely through the engine, adding power.

VARIABLE VALVE TIMING

Benefits: Fuel economy, more flexible power delivery Drawbacks: Greater cost to produce HONDA-VTEC refers to variable valve timing and lift electronic control TOYOTA-VVT-i, for variable valve timing with intelligence, and BMW has a system called Valvetronic or VANOS , meaning variable camshaft control. often controlled by the engine's on-board computer

ON-BOARD COMPUTERS

modern cars have everything regulated by an on-board computer called an engine control unit, or ECU. The ECU makes sure processes like ignition timing, the air/fuel mixture, fuel injection, idle speed, and others operate the way they're supposed to. It monitors what's going on in the engine using an array of sensors and performs millions of calculations each second in order to keep everything operating correctly. Other computers in the car control things like electrical systems, airbags, interior temperature, traction control, anti-lock brakes and the automatic transmission.

CLEAN DIESEL

The modern diesel engine is powerful, clean and extremely fuel-efficient. Today's engines use a low-sulfur form of diesel fuel, and systems within the car help eliminate particle matter and excess pollution.

Diesel engines have some drawbacks, mainly their low RPM level and the higher cost of diesel fuel.

HYBRID ENGINES

A combination of high gas prices, an increased awareness of the environment among drivers, and government regulations raising fuel economy and emissions standards have forced engines to "go green" more than ever before an electric motor is partnered with a traditional gasoline engine in order to achieve high fuel economy numbers the electric engine acts alone, meaning the car does not use gas at all. Drawbacks: Higher initial cost, complexity.

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