Introduction to Production & Operations Management

Management Science
is the study and development of techniques for the formulation and analysis of management and related business problems. Operations research models are often helpful in this process.

Operations Research
is the application of techniques developed in mathematics, statistics, engineering and the physical sciences to the solution of problems in business, government, industry, economics and the social sciences.

Quantitative Methods
employ mathematical models to reach a wide variety of business decisions.

They give modern managers a competitive edge Managers do not need to have great mathematical skills Familiarity allows one to:

Ask the right questions Recognize when additional analysis is necessary Evaluate potential solutions Make informed decisions

Qualitative Methods
like more traditional methods, however, qualitative methods come in many varieties. Different researchers focus on different sources of data:

One's own immediate experience Others' experiences, which we might seek to understand through:

their speech or writing, their other behaviors, their products - technology, artwork, footprints, etc.

What is POM?
Production is the creation of goods and services Production and/or Operations Management are the activities that transform resources into goods and services

Why Study POM?

It is one of the 3 critical parts of any organization:

Marketing generates demand Operations creates the product Finance/accounting tracks organizational performance, pays bills, collects money

It shows us how goods and services are produced It shows us what POM managers do It is the most costly part of any organization

Cost as a Percentage of Sales

Meat Packing Furniture Manufacturing Restaurant Heavy Equipment

POM Materials

79%

40%

38%

42%

Labor
Fringes Total

8 3 90
9 1

15 22 77
15 8

20 16 74
22 4

12 23 77
20 3

S, G & A Int., Taxes, Profits, etc.

Jobs in the U.S.

6% 6% 5%
Education, Health, etc.

5%

3% 1%

Manufacturing Retail Trade

14%
aaaaaaaa

State & Local Gov't Finance, Insurance

26%

Wholesale Trade Transport, Public Util.

16% 18%

Construction Federal Government Mining

Jobs in POM
Less than 20% of all jobs are in manufacturing (and they are declining) Almost 80% of jobs are in the service sector (and they are increasing) Nearly half of all jobs are in POM Most POM jobs are professional and/or managerial

Chapters Covered in Text

Forecasting Service, product design.. Quality management Process, capacity design... Location ... Layout design . Human resources, job design.. Supply-chain management Inventory management . Scheduling .. Maintenance ...

Ch. 4 Ch. 5 Ch. 6, 6S Ch. 7, 7S Ch. 8 Ch. 9 Ch. 10, 10S Ch. 11, 11s Ch. 12, 14, 16 Ch. 3, 13, 15 Ch. 17

The Critical Decisions

Quality

management

Who is responsible for quality? How do we define quality?

Service

and product design

What product or service should we offer? How should we design these products and services?

The Critical Decisions - Continued

Process

and capacity design

What processes will these products require and in what order? What equipment and technology is necessary for these processes?
Location

Where should we put the facility On what criteria should we base this location decision?

The Critical Decisions - Continued

Layout

design

How should we arrange the facility? How large a facility is required?

Human

resources and job design

How do we provide a reasonable work environment? How much can we expect our employees to produce?

The Critical Decisions - Continued

Supply

chain management

Should we make or buy this item? Who are our good suppliers and how many should we have?
Inventory,

material requirements

planning,
How much inventory of each item should we have? When do we re-order?

The Critical Decisions - Continued

Intermediate,

short term, and project

scheduling
Is subcontracting production a good idea? Are we better off keeping people on the payroll during slowdowns?

Maintenance

Who is responsible for maintenance? When do we do maintenance?

Significant Events in POM

Division of labor (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776) Industrial Revolution Standardization of parts (Eli Whitney, 1765 1825)

Cotton Gin (1792) Contract with U.S. for muskets (1798)

Some doubt about true interchangeability Simeon North (Middletown) John Hall (Harpers Ferry)

Significant Events in POM (cont.)

Scientific management (Frederick Taylor 1865 - 1915)

The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911

Match employees to jobs Provide the proper training Provide the proper methods and tools Establish legitimate incentives

Significant Events in POM (cont.)

Taylors 4 Principles of Scientific Management:

Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks

Significant Events in POM (cont.)

Coordinated assembly line (Henry Ford 1863 1947) Gantt charts (Henry Gantt 1861-1919) Motion studies (Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, 1922) Quality control (Shewhart, Juran, Feigenbaum, Deming, Taguchi, etc.) CAD Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)

New Challenges in OM
From

To

Local or national focus Batch shipments Low bid purchasing Lengthy product development cycles Standardized products Job specialization

Global focus Just-in-time Supply chain partnering Rapid product development Strategic alliances Mass customization Empowered employees Teams

Goods vs. Services

Characteristics of Goods

Tangible product Consistent product definition Production usually separate from consumption Can be inventoried Low customer interaction

1995 Corel Corp.

Characteristics of Services

Intangible product Produced & consumed at same time Often unique High customer interaction Inconsistent product definition Often knowledge-based Frequently dispersed
1995 Corel Corp.

Goods vs. Services

Goods Can be resold Can be inventoried Some aspects of quality measurable Selling is distinct from production Service Reselling unusual Difficult to inventory Quality difficult to measure
Selling

is part of

service

Goods vs. Services - Continued

Goods

Service

Product is transportable Site of facility important for cost

Often easy to automate Revenue generated primarily from tangible product

Provider, not product is transportable Site of facility important for customer contact Often difficult to automate Revenue generated primarily from intangible service

Goods Contain Services / Services Contain Goods

Automobile Computer Installed Carpeting Fast-food Meal Restaurant Meal Auto Repair Hospital Care Advertising Agency Investment Management Consulting Service Counseling 100
Percent of Product that is a Good

75

50

25

Percent of Product that is a Service

25

50

75

100

New Challenges in Operations Management

Changing Challenges for the Operations Manager

Past
Local or national focus Batch (large) shipments Low-bid purchasing Lengthy product development

Causes
Low-cost, reliable worldwide communication and transportation networks Cost of capital puts pressure on reducing investment in inventory Quality emphasis requires that suppliers be engaged in product improvement Shorter life cycles, rapid international communication, computer-aided design, and international collaboration

Future
Global Focus Just-in-time shipments Supply-chain partners Rapid product development, alliances, collaborative designs

Changing Challenges for the Operations Manager

The Productivity Challenge

The Economic System Transforms Inputs to Outputs

Inputs
Land, Labor, Capital, Management

Process
The economic system transforms inputs to outputs at about an annual 2.5% increase in productivity (capital 38% of 2.5%), labor (10% of 2.5%), management (52% of 2.5%)
Feedback loop

Outputs
Goods and Services

Productivity
Measure of process improvement Represents output relative to input

Productivity

Units produced = Input used

Only through productivity increases can our standard of living improve

Adam Smith on Productivity

He asserted that ten workers could produce 48,000 pins per day if each of eighteen specialized tasks was assigned to particular workers. Average productivity: 4,800 pins per worker per day. But absent the division of labor, a worker would be lucky to produce even one pin per day.

Henry Ford on Productivity

In 1907, Henry Ford announced his goal for the Ford Motor Company: to create "a motor car for the great multitude." At that time, automobiles were expensive, custom-made machines. Ford realized he'd need a more efficient way to produce the Model T in order to lower the price. He and his team looked at other industries and found four principles that would further their goal:

Interchangeable parts Continuous flow Division of labor Reducing wasted effort

Frank Gilbreth on Productivity

improved a five-thousand-year-old job and had enabled bricklayers to lay brick faster with less effort and fatigue. On one particularly difficult type of wall, where the previous record had been 120 bricks per hour, his methods allowed them to lay 350 bricks, an increase in productivity of over 190%.

Walter Shewhart on Productivity

the original notions of Total Quality Management and continuous improvement trace back to a former Bell Telephone employee named Walter Shewhart. One of W. Edwards Deming's teachers, he preached the importance of adapting management processes to create profitable situations for both businesses and consumers, promoting the utilization of his own creation: the SPC chart.

Impact of Quality Improvement

Productivity improved Costs were pared Wages increased

Parts per man hour

Cost per unit decreased

$2.25
$2.00 $1.75 $1.50

Average worker's annual cash compensation increased

115 110 105 100 95 Year A Year B Year C

27000 26000

25000
24000 Year A Year B Year C Year A Year B Year C

Measurement Problems
Quality

may change while the quantity of inputs and outputs remains constant External elements may cause an increase or decrease in productivity Precise units of measure may be lacking

Productivity Increase
Labor

- contributes about 10% of the annual increase Capital - contributes about 32% of the annual increase Management - contributes about 52% of the annual increase

Key Variables for Improved Labor Productivity

Basic

education appropriate for the labor

force Diet of the labor force Social overhead that makes labor available Maintaining and enhancing skills in the midst of rapidly changing technology and knowledge

Comparison of Productivity

Service Productivity
Typically

labor intensive Frequently individually processed Often an intellectual task performed by professionals Often difficult to mechanize Often difficult to evaluate for quality

Current Trends
U.S. is becoming more of a knowledge intensive service economy Globalization Total Quality Control Need for flexibility and innovation