Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER
Water is one of the main spring elements of our existence Water provides life and colour to our earth. Water & Water but nothing to drink Water: Nectar turning into poison Improved water supply and sanitation has significant impacts on various spheres of life, from health to time savings to social status. Access to water supply and sanitation has improved in the last 20 years but it has neither been as widespread nor as rapid as had been expected.
SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER
Annually, there are around 2.4 million deaths related to
water and sanitation It is estimated that every second death (50%) due to water related diseases is because of diarrhoeal diseases. There is a direct relationship between sanitation and health It is an established fact that when piped water is supplied either into or near the household, reductions upto (20%) in total mortality and (40%) in diarrhoeal disease mortality would occur. Half of the hospital beds of developing world are occupied because of unsafe water.
PRODUCTION DRINKING WATER BECAME SCARCE RAIN IS A NATURAL SOURCE OF IRRIGATION RAIN FALL IS RESTRICTED TO MERE 100 DAYS RAIN WATER REACHES SEA WITHIN 48 HOURS GROUND WATER STATUS IS FAST DEPLETING CATCHMENT AREAS HAD BECOME UNCOVERED CHANGING LIFE STYLE DOESNT ALLOW WATER TO PERCOLATE THIRD WORLD WAR WILL BE FOR WATER
SHED LEVEL Macro Scale AT THE INSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION Meso Scale AT HOUSEHOLD AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL Micro Scale
DURING IRRIGATION
DURING DOMESTIC UTILIZATION
Reclaimed Water
Water Reuse
Smaller Recycle loops Public Health Engineering Economics Aesthetic Public acceptance
WHAT IS A WATERSHED ?
A watershed is an area of land from which surface water drains into a single outlet like a stream or a river or a lake. The rain water flows from the ridges, along the slopes, into the nallas and finally collects in the village ponds. This entire area with one common drainage is called a watershed.
Watershed area
-Small Stream = Few Hectares -Large River = Many Square Kilometeres -Ideal = 1000 to 2500 Hectares -Implementation Period = 2- 3 years.
Average of 52 inches of rain per year Almost 45 inches lost to evaporation and transpiration 52 of rain
42 Lost
INDIAN SCENARIO
WATER AVAILABLITY/PER PERSON
Do the Math
One drop per second from a
27 MILLION gallons!!!
FARM CONSTRUCTION OF CHECK DAMS AND/SUBSURFACE DAMS ADOPTION OF TERRACE CULTIVATION IN SLOPY LANDS CONTOUR BUNDING CONTOUR TRENCHING ANY OTHER METHOD WHICH WILL HELP SOIL CONSERVATION
CONSERVE FOREST
LIKE PONDS,PADDDY FIELD ETC; FLOOD MANAGEMENT RIVER LINKING WATER RESERVOIR AND DAMS ANY OTHER MEASURES WHICH WILL LEAD TO WATER CONSERVATION
Rural scenario
Let us assume that Indias 587,000 villages can harvest the runoff from 200 million hectares of land, excluding inaccessible forest areas, high mountains and other uninhabited terrains, that still gives every village an average access to 340 hectares or a rainfall endowment of 3.75 billion liters of water. These calculation show the potential of rainwater harvesting is enormous .
IRRIGATION (SEWAGE MANAGEMENT) PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT (PIM) CULTIVATION OF CROPS/VARIETIES ACCORDING TO THE MINIMUM WATER AVAILABILITY EXPECTED SUMMER PLOUHING MULCHING ADOPTING HI-TECH PRACTICES
projects
Watering your lawn every other day for 15-30 minutes adds up to 7 feet of water per year MORE than what your grass needs to stay green and healthy
Irrigation 3 Units
Industry 5 Units
Water early in the day best before sunrise Water deeply = longer roots Keep mower blades sharp and raise the blade Dont fertilize until summer rains
Evaporation Losses Environment (Ecology) Inland Navigation Power Industries Domestic 1997 2010 2025 2050 Irrigation
Regular Maintenance
Continuos Supervision Chemical Consumption Can Absorb Shocking Load Climatic Condition for Efficient
Performance
Initial Investment
Impact on Landscape
steps
1.Metabolism of micro organisms. 2.Metabolism of plants (halophytes). 3.Immobilization in the soil and filter material respectively.
The above action of soil, plants and sewage gives rise to a
HORIZONTAL
T.S.S. mg/l C.O.D mg/. B.O.D. mg/l
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. H2 H1
INF.
7.7 7.83
54 21 56 102 303 4 24 2 12
SERIES-4
Hydraulic Loading Rate Horizontal Bed :43 l/m2/day Vertical Bed :93 l/m2/day
S.No. Sample Code pH T.D.S. mg/l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 H1 H2 V1 V2 INF H1(1) H1(2) H1(3) H2(1) H2(2) H2(3) V1(3) V1(4) V2(3) 7.45 7.23 7.1 7.24 6.57 7.16 7.23 7.2 7.22 7.25 7.45 6.95 7.98 7.16 3824 3912 4220 2852 3056 2900 2756 2832 2720 2852 2788 3300 3344 2712 C.O.D. mg/l 71 106 94 71 1888 340 217 345 183 194 144 63 90 325 B.O.D. mg/l 12 22 17 23 1066 162 84 72 66 36 56 2 8 125 Po4-P mg/l 3.4 0.86 0.72 4.43 2.38 3.96 3.07 4.21 6.48 5.73 5.54 0.18 0.83 0.92 TKN mg/l 10.36 13.7 10.9 16.5 61 Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done
15
V2(4)
7.18
2952
40
0.51
Not Done
Influent B.O.D.
Final B.O.D. of H2
B.O.D. Loading
Efficiency
Microbiological Parameter
SAMPLING LOCATION FAECAL COLIFORMS TOTAL COLIFORMS
l/m2/d
Nos./100 ml
Nos./100 ml
INF H1 H2 V1 V2
Conclusion
The samples of influent. Interim and out flow were analyzed for pH, BOD,
(Efficiency as high as 90%) (Efficiency as high as 90%) (Efficiency as high as 60%) (Efficiency as high as 70%) (Efficiency as high as 99.9%)
COD,
The result were very encouraging for all parameters accept TDS
It was also concluded by experiments that vertical beds can treat BOD
CONCLUSION
Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should
augmented by maximising retention, eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this, measures like lining in the conveyance system, modernization and rehabilitation of existing systems , recycling and re-use of treated effluents and techniques like drip and sprinkler may be promoted.
CONCLUSION
Water is essential for our survival and personal cleanliness. (Blue
Gold) Every religion has given due importance to water. Holy Quran says: It is He who send down water upon you from heaven with which to purify you.(8:11). Natural water is pure and meant for purifications. Minimization of contamination and conservation of water by low cost and low maintenance technology appears to be the key for healthy life and sustainable development as Mahatma Gandhi very appropriately said Mother Nature can meet the need of all but not the greed of one