Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on
Tocolysis in Veterinary
Reproduction
Speaker: DHIREN B.BHOI
Reg.No.-04-00303-07
VOBG-900
DEFINITION
These drugs emerged for human use and gradually linked with
animal medicine.
Smooth muscles innervated by the sympathetic nervous system:
α and β receptors
α receptors:- Muscular contractions
β receptors:- Relaxation
So, drugs that produce this effect are termed uterine myorelaxants,
tocolytic drugs or simply tocolytics.
DRUGS USED AS TOCOLYTICS
β-sympathomimetics –
e.g. Isoxsuprine, Ritodrine, Terbutaline,
salbutamol, Orciprenaline, Fenoterol,
Clenbuterol, Meluadrine Tartrate, KUR-1246.
Calcium antagonists –
e.g. Nifedipine, Verapamil, Nicardipine,
Nitrendipine.
Oxytocin antagonists –
e.g. Atosiban and all Beta-sympathomimetics.
Prostaglandin antagonists –
e.g. Indomethacin
Other agents –
e.g. glyceryl trinitrate, Extracts of Bryophyllum
pinnatum, omega-3 long chain
Polyunsaturates and
Magnesium sulfate.
ATP cAMP
Protein phosphorilation
Embryo biotechnology
PRETERM LABOUR / THRETENED ABORTION
Clinical trial
Xylazine, (0.1mg/kg,)
+Clenbuterol (4μg/kg) i/v 7.4 ± 1.7 4.2 ± 1.5 8.4 ± 2.1 7.4 ± 1.4
Xylazine, (0.1mg/kg,)
+Nifedipine (80 μg/kg) i/v 7.6 ± 1.7 2.2 ± 1.6 7.8 ± 1.1 7.0 ± 1.2
Ewbank, 1963
Probability (%) of cow calving within a specified period
in relation to plasma progesterone concentration.
0 (Undetectable) 42 80 88 93 97
0.4 18 57 70 79 90
1.0 3 20 30 41 59
>1.5 0 0 0 1 3
Stage of labour
Parity of animal
Once cervix is fully dilated or fetal feet are passing into cervical area
Clenbuterol will only delay labour for maximum of a few hours.
Arbeiter and Holler, 1980
300 μg, Clenbuterol Hydrochloride, i/v, was used to postponed
parturition in cows.
Cervix Duration of
Animal (No.) Degree of dilation Minutes to Duration of parturition Retension
at treatment (cm.) Tocolysis Tocolysis after of
resumption of Placenta
2-4 cm 4 cm (Minutes) (Hours)
labour (Hours) (No.)
Mean 17.18 Mean 4.9 0.74
Heifers - 25 19 6 Min 10.00 Min 3.5 0.5 2
Max 25.00 Max 7.5 1.5
Mean 21.44 Mean 4.21 0.49
Cows - 7 1 6 Min 15.00 Min 2. 50 0.25 0
Max 35.00 Max 6.00 0.75
Control Clenbuterol
Large Pelvic areas
Heifers (No.) 10 13
Average 119 minute 468 minute
Range 30 - 230 minute 75 – 1350 minute
Small Pelvic areas
Heifers (No.) 10 13
Average 130 minute 381 minute
Range 30 - 330 minute 30 – 900 minute
Control Clenbuterol
Large Pelvic areas
Heifers (No.) 10 13
Average 86 minute 107 minute
Range 20 – 150 minute 15 - 145 minute
Small Pelvic areas
Heifers (No.) 10 13
Average 120 minute 54 minute
Range 45 - 270 minute 5 - 240 minute
Greene, 1981
OVINE
Clenbuterol, 240 μg, i/m, abolished uterine motoricity for 8-10 hrs
suspending overnight lambing in 91% of ewes subjected to trial.
Delatour and Roizard, 1979
Clenbuterol treatment in ewes effectively resulted in to delayed
parturition for at least 10 hr. in most ewes.
Plant and Bowler, 1988
Nifedipine 80 μg/kg, i/v given to sheep and found that it delayed
the parturition for 6-7 hours.
Parez et al., 1997
Menard, 1994
Results of Clenbuterol, i/v, 0.6-0.8 μg/kg body wt. before 15-20 min
of obstetrical corrections in cow.
Dystocia Total Tocolysis
Fetal
Oversize 6
Sacro-pubic position 35
Transverse presentation 2 Very good
Forelimb Retension 25
Head Deviation 41
Breech presentation 41
Hock Flexion 5
Maternal
Uterine Torsion 70 Very good
Delayed cervical dilation 7
Total 232
Menard, 1994
Influence of Clenbuterol treatment on Retension of placenta
Menard, 1994
CAESAREAN SECTION
Advantages
Facilitate veterinarians’ work.
Easy extraperitoneal lifting of the uterus.
(Hassett and Sloss, 1984)
No risk of anaesthetic induced recumbancy.
Impermeable closure of uterine muscles.
(Horvath and Bacsfay, 1981)
Easy suturing of uterus and no incidence of ROP.
(DeNooij, 1984)
Prevent post operative adhesions.
Uterine Exteriorization
Caesareans Total
Yes No
Treated (n=63) 54/63 (85.7%) 9/63 (14.3%) 63
Total 81 72 153
66 66
59
40
Total animals
90% 26 Exteriorization
60% achieved
7
40% No response
10%
Treatment Group Control Group
10 ml Isoxsuprine, i/m, given in cows during caesarean section
Pig
A cesarean section performed in a Berkshire saw treated with
6 ml Isoxsuprine, i/m, a good uterine relaxation was noticed
and uterus could be easily exteriorized.
Narasimhan and Thangaraj, 1969
FETOTOMY
Conditions Drugs Animals Doses & Uterine Reference
route Relaxation
Fetal Isoxsuprine Cows 10 ml, i/m Very good Horvath and
Postural Bacsfay, 1981
defects Clenbuterol Cows 300μg, i/m Very good DeNooij, 1984