Automation

is the use of control system and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization,automation is a step beyond mechanization. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy. Automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well.

Replacing human operator in task that involve hard physical or monotonous work. Replacing humans in task done in dangerous environments(fire,space,underwater,nuclear facilities etc.) Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, endurance,speed etc.

Unemployment rate increases due to machine replacing human. Technical limitation.Current technology is unable to automate all the desirable tasks. Security threats. Unpredictable development cost,R&D cost increases. High initial cost.

Reliability and Precision Automation is now often applied primarily to increase the quality in the manufacturing process. For Example: Car engines used to be installed into engines manually,now transitioned to automated,error rate for manual was 1-1.5% reduces to 0.00001% in automation.

Convertibility and turnaround time Automation is the increased demand for flexibility and convertibility in manufacturing processes.Global competition has also increased demand for Reconfiguration of Manufacturing Process. Health and Environment Automation provided good working condition.

Computer-Aided Designing(CAD)

Computer-Aided Design(CAD) also known as computer-aided design and drafting(CADD) is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design documentation. CADD software provides the user with input tools for design process,documentation and manufacturing process. CAD is used for detailed engineeringof 3D models and 2D drawing of components.

Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM)

CAM is the use of computer software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of workpiece. CAM also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operation of a manufacturing plant,management,storage. Faster production process with more precise dimensions and material consistency. CAM is a process after CAD.

BOBCAD-CAM from BobCAD-CAM CATIA from Dassault Systems Esprit from DP Technology Pro/E from PTC PowerMILL from Delcam etc.

Robotics

Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with design,construction,operation,structural disposition,manufacture and application of robots. Robotics is related to the science of electronics,engineering. It related to software and mechanics also. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods. The Zero Moment Point (ZMP) is the algorithm used by robots such as Honda's ASIMO.

Driverless Car

Driverless car is a vehicle equipped with an autopilot system which is capable of driving one point to another without input from human operator. In 2010 VisLab ran VIAC VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous challenge, a 13000 km test run.Four driverless van sucessfully ended the drive from Italy to China,arriving at the Shanghai Expo on 28 oct. 2010.

The ParkShuttle in Rotterdam is an example of driverless car. Its a advanced system proposed to stimulate human perception and decision-making during steering of a car via advanced software linked to a range of sensors such as cameras,radar,GPS etc. Vehicular communication systems:They are an emerging type of network in which vehicles and roadside unit are the communicating nodes,proving each other information,such as

Safety warnings and traffic information.It works in 5.9 GHz band with bandwidth of 75MHz and approx. range of 1000m.

As a cooperative approach, VCS can be more effective in avoiding accidents and traffic congestion.

Computer Controlled Car Engine

ECU

 Computer

Controlled Car Engine uses certain control unit so that engine works properly. Engine Control Unit(ECU) controls the fuel ignition system. ECU provide to regulate the car wheel drive 4*4 system. ECU is used for emission test.ECU regulates the rate at which fuel is injected to the engine,thereby aiding the catalytic convertor in controlling the amount of harmful gases that engine emits. It increases efficiency and save fuel. It reduces errors.

Power-train Control Module(PCM) is the computer the brain of the engine control system. PCM is a designated computer that was developed to manage the engine control system. PCM mounted on a multilayer circuit board. PCM monitors,adjusts the air and fuel mixture and utilizes a catalystic convertor to minimize the amoumt of pollution produced from the engine. PCM monitors the input/output signals produced by various sensors in the system.Sensor include: oxygen sensor,coolant sensor, throttle position sensor,crankshaft angle sensor,engine oil temperture sensor,engine speed sensor. PCM controls the radiator cooling fan and fuel pump.

The software of the control system ic costly. If the computer malfunctions,the system will not work. It can cause some concern if total control for a system and the decision are handled over to a computer.