Guided by : Mr. Shine K Asst. professor Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

MESCE

Submitted by : Anil Gangadharan 09107011 S8 ME MESCE

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INTRODUCTION
The

heat rejection requirements are continuosly increasing - faster speeds - smaller features (to < 50 nm) for microelectronic devices - more power output for engines - brighter beams for optical devices
demands exploration augmentation mechanisms. of new heat transfer

This

NANOFLUIDS
Nanofluids are new class of heat transfer fluids and are

engineered by suspending nanometersized particles like copper oxide, carbon nanotubes etc. in conventional heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, or engine oil.
Average size of particles < 50 nm. Studies of thermal conductivity of suspensions have been

confined to mm- sized particles.

NANOFLUIDS
Major challenge - rapid settling of particles in fluids.

Nanoparticles stay suspended much longer than micro-

particles and, if below a threshold ,or enhanced with surfactants/stabilizers, remain in suspension almost indefinitely.

Thermal conductivity of typical materials [1]

NANOFLUIDS- A Comparison

Comparison between nanofluid and water [4]

NANOFLUIDS
Smaller size and better positioning of the radiators
Reducing grinding force Improving surface roughness In nuclear reactors, the fuel rods get coated with

nanoparticles , preventing the formation of a layer of vapor

around the rod and subsequently increasing critical heat

flux.
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NANOFLUIDS Properties
Nanofluids

have substantially conductivities than the same nanoparticles.

higher liquids

thermal without

The surface area per unit volume of nanoparticles is

much larger (million times) than that of microparticles .

Example: water and ethylene glycol improves with

increasing volume fraction of copper oxide or aluminum oxide nanoparticles dispersed in base fluids.

NANOFLUIDS Properties

Relation between particle volume fraction and thermal conductivity ratio for different nanofluids [1]
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NANOFLUIDS Properties

Effect of particle volume fraction and sphericity on thermal conductivity ratio for copper water system [1]
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NANOFLUIDS Properties

Temperature dependent thermal conductivities of nanofluids [4]

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NANOFLUIDS Properties
Nanolayer acts as a thermal bridge between a solid

nanoparticle and a bulk liquid enhancing thermal conductivity.

Strong

and so is key to

temperature dependence enhances thermal conductivity thereby suitable for applications at elevated temperatures.

Electrical conductivity of the nanofluids increases with

increase in concentration as well as with temperature.

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NANOFLUIDS Properties
The viscosity of nanofluids increased with increasing CNT

concentration and decreasing temperature.

The particle shape or aspect ratio of the particle is a

significant parameter affecting the thermal performance of nanofluids.

Particle size, particle shape, and particle distribution,

significantly influence the flow and characteristics of nanofluids.

heat transfer

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SYNTHESIS OF NANO FLUIDS

Two step process : Nanoparticles or nanotubes are first produced as a dry

powder, often by inert gas condensation.

The nanoparticles or nanotubes are then dispersed into a

fluid.
Mostly preferred for nanoparticles dispersed in deionized

water.
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SYNTHESIS OF NANO FLUIDS

Single-step nanofluid processing method.
Nanofluids containing dispersed metal nanoparticles have

been produced by a direct evaporation technique.

Vaporization

of

source

material

under

vacuum

conditions.
Reduction of metal salts has been used widely to produce

colloidal suspensions in various solvents

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Resistively Heated Crucible Liquid Cooling System

Schematic diagram of nanofluid production system designed for direct evaporation/condensation of metallic vapor into low-vapor-pressure liquids
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Rotating drum with moving nanofluid film

Nitrogen cooling plate with coils and fins

Proposed improvements for the one-step, direct-evaporation nanofluid production apparatus

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CNT nanofluids with and without dispersant: (a) NTs quickly settle without use of a proper dispersant, and (b) NTs are well dispersed and suspended in the oil with succinimide dispersant (5 wt.%).
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Potential Benefits Of Nanofluids as a Coolant

Improved Heat Transfer and Stability
Reduced Pumping Power Minimal Clogging Miniaturized Systems Cost and Energy Savings

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APPLICATIONS OF NANOFLUIDS
Transportation

(Engine

cooling/vehicle

thermal

management) Electronics cooling Defense Space Nuclear systems cooling Heat exchanger Biomedicine Other applications (heat pipes, fuel cell, Solar water heating, chillers, domestic refrigerator, Diesel combustion, Drilling, Lubrications, Thermal storage,)
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CONCLUSION
Nanofluids reveals high thermal conductivities and heat

transfer coefficients compared to those of conventional fluids.

A wide range of self-assembly mechanisms for nanoscale

structures start from a suspension of nanoparticles in fluid.

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REFERENCE
[1] Choi, U.S,(1998) , Nanofluid technology current status and future, Second Korean- American Scientists and Engineers Association Research Technologies October 22- 24, Vienna, pp 221 [2] Ahuja, A. S., (1975), Augmentation of Heat Transport in LaminarFlow of Polystyrene Suspension: Experiments and Results, J. Appl. Phys., 46(8) 8, pp 3408-3416 [3] Liu, K. V., Choi, U. S., and Kasza, K. E., (1988), Measurement of Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Flows of Particulate Slurries, Argonne National Laboratory Report, ANL88-15. [4]S.K. Das, N. Putra, P. Theisen, W. Roetzel (2003) Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Nanofluids, ASME J. Heat Transfer, 125, no. 4, pp 567-574
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THANK YOU

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