Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- Basic Concepts
IP University, Oct 26, 2012 H.B.Singh
(Former) Professor & Head, Regional Planning School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
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Structure of presentation
1.Introduction:
Definitions and contextual concepts of Development and planning
Development
WORKING DEFINITION
It is a process of enhancement of quality of life through
6. ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Concept of Development
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DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS
Physical/Econ omic Quality of Life
Production
Material Aspects Goods & Services
Primary Sector ( Agro-based) Secondary Sector ( Industrial) Tertiary Sector (Services) Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure Availability / Access Affordability Consumption Volume Job Opportunity Leadership Consumption / Service Item Political Freedom Decision Making Resource Mobilisation Plan Preparation Plan Implementation Community Based Orgn. Non-Government Orgn. Government Orgn. Co-operatives Natural Disasters Wars, Riots, Group Clashes. Stable Government . Stable Political Economy Soil Quality Sub- Soil Water Vegetative Cover Bio-Diversity Soil Fertility Rain Water Bio-Mass Bio-Diversity
Provision
Utilisation
Choice
DEVELOPMENT
Participation
Organisations
Safety/ Security
Capital
Regeneration Capacity
Assimilative Capacity
Indicators of Development
2. Health related
3. Awareness / Education related
2. Social Infrastructure
3. Economic/ Commercial Infrastructure
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Living WorkingACTIVIT
(Landuse)
Nodes (Settlements ) Network (Infrastructur e)
Area
IES
Socialising Movemen t
SPATIAL INTEGRATION
Primary Sector Seconda ry Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Economic Infrastructure
What ?
Sectors
Sector
Tertiary Sector
Who?
Organisation s
How ?
Technoecology
SECTORAL INTEGRATION
LONG TERM PLAN SHORT TERM PLAN ANNUAL PLAN PLANNING PROCESS Survey & Analysis Plan Review
Where ?
Space
When ?
Time
meets the need of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations (Brndtland Commission 1987) by
UN is very general, and ambiguous.
any development project should not exceed the regenerative capacity of the environment ie, the capital of natural resources should not be spent . it is only the cyclic, renewable, additionally accrued natural wealth that should be spent or utilised.
that
2
3
Waste Generation within Assimilative Capacity Appropriate Technology to enhance Regenerative & Assimilative Capacities
4 5
Socio-economic System (2ndary & Tirtiary Sector Production, Infrastructure, Institution , Organisation etc)
Man
Activities
Life Support System (Land, Water, Flora, Fauna and Climate, Sun, Rain, Wind etc.)
Nature
Sustainability of Settlement
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Man
Activities
More
Nature
URBAN SRTTLEMENT
Population More Activities 2ndary & Tirtiary Sector Dominance Less Nature & Life Support System
Man
Activities
Less
Nature
Population Less Activities Primary Sector Production Dominance More Nature $ Better Lif Support System
RURAL SETTLEMENT
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PROCESS OF ORGANISING, 1.PEOPLE AND THEIR 2.ACTIVITIES OVER 3.SPACE AND 4.TIME CONSIDERING 5.RESOURCES AND 6.TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT
DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS, Popln. Size, Age Gender, Change over time, Literacy, Life expectancy, Migration, WFPR, HIG, MIG, LIG, EWS, BPL SQUATTERS POPLATION
Building, Roads, over bridges, Production, MRTS, Innovative Ideas, Best Practices
TECHNOLOGY
PEOPLE
RESOURCES
ACTIVITIES
LIVING- Housing, Infrastructure WORKING-primary, secondary & Tertiary MOVEMENT- People, Goods & Services RECREATION / SOCIALISATION
TIME
SPACE
Over all developed Area, Planned Area, Controlled Area, Municipal Area Landuse Areas- Residential, Commercial etc
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WORKING DEFNITION OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PLANNING: It is a process of organising, 1.PEOPLE and their 2.ACTIVITIES over 3.SPACE and 4.TIME considering 5.RESOURCES and 6.TECHNOLOGY to achieve development DEVELOPMENT: It is a process of enhancement of quality of life through 1.PRODUCTION, 2.PROVISION and 3.UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES with 4.PEOPLES CHOICE , their 5.SAFETY & SECURITY with 6.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
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ENV.SUSTEN.
PRODUCTION
PROCESS OF ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH PRODUCTION, PROVISION AND UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES WITH PEOPLES CHOICE , THEIR SAFETY & SECURITY WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
SAFETY
PROVISION
CHOICES
UTILISATION
TECHNOLOGY
PEOPLE
PROCESS OF ORGANISING, PEOPLE AND THEIR ACTIVITIES OVER SPACE AND TIME CONSIDERING RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT
Constitution
RESOURCES
ACTIVITIES
TIME
SPACE
Legislative
Accountability
Civil Society
Govt.Setup Executive
ORGANISING AND CONTROLLING CIVIL SOCIETY Mrkt. Forces Judiciary AND MARTKET FORCES FOR ITS SOCIAL WELFARE (SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ) Acts/ Laws THROUGH A GOVERNMENT SETUP
Institutions/Offices Functions Plng. Design Implementation Maintenance /Admin
Transparency
Processes/ procedures
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Economy
Social welfare through Economic Growth, full Employment, Equity and Social justice
Social Welfare
Employment
Equity
Land Utilisation
Area
Settlement Pattern
Linkage
Orderly Development of City for its efficient functioning & enhancement of QOL
Folk
Geddisian
Landuse
triangle
Place Work
Transportation
CIAMs triangle URBAN FORM U.D. Movement Working Recreation
Infrastructure
Evolving Efficient Activities and Space Relationship through layouts and Spatial details
Living
Aesthtic
Functional
Sustainable
Plot Development, Buildings, Roads, Water Supply, Power, Sewerage, Drainage, Poverty Alleviaion, P.D.S. etc.
Architecture
Projects
Civil Engg. Socio-economic
PROJECTS / PROGRAMMES
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Fig.2 Development, Planning and Projects: Inter-linkages
URBANISATION Sub- processes of Development : Urbanisation process of change from rural to urban way of life (based on specialisation) Industrialisation Tertiarisation -Without Industrialisation pseudo urbanisation -Gentrification in Developed countries Modernisation Including primary sector. Westernisation After Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation
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A. Social Change
Qualitative change at individual level qualification, attitude, efficiency, priorities, way of life
Change in social institutions marriage, customs, rituals
B. Economic Change
Production Employment
Primary
Secondar y Tertiary
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2.Capital Flows
(Industrialisation)
3.Innovation Diffusion
(Modernisation)
Modernisation Surfaces
4.Migration
National Capital
Settlement Pattern
State Capital
District HQ
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Friedmans Model
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Xtics of urbanisation in Developed & Developing countries Simultaneous with industrialisation / Tertiarisation Gradual / Fast Share of primary, secondary & tertiary sectors
100% 80 60 40
Tertiary Sector
Secondary Sector
20
Primary Sector
100% 80 60 40 20 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
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Sound Social surplus Polarisation in Developing countries Urban Areas exploiting Rural Areas Rural Areas left with old, incompetent and children No rural urban Continuum Urban Areas suffering- slums, crowding
Prospects
Urbanisation as a tool for Reg. Development Rural -Urban-Continuum -proper hierarchy Growth-poles - Balanced Settlement pattern Preventive, Curative Measurement for Rural & Urban Development (slum formation) Simultaneous Job People National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) GEMs & SPURs (Special Priority Urban Region)
People Village
Town
City
Metropolis
Jobs
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Metropolis
City
Town
People
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Town
City
Bi-functional
People Village
Town
City
Metropolis
Jobs
City
Town
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URBANISATION / GLOBALISATION
Homogeneous Region
Nodal region
Devlpd Area
Developed Country
Devlpng Area
Developing Country
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Indian Urbanisation
Historical perspective-Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation (Nodes & Networks.. Civil lines etc.. CLASSIFICATION OF STATES AND UTS ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF URBANISATION
2001
Above national average i.e. 27.75% Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, A&N Islands, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu, Delhi, Lakshwadeep and Pondicherry. (14 states)
25%-28%
National Average
27.75%
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, H.P., J&K, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, U.P., Dadra Nagar Haveli, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh. (16 states)
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Regional Planning
Organising Spatial Economy in a Region
Organising people, their activities and resources over regional space and time for Development
Aims:
REGION: A territorial area of similar characteristics, which is bigger than local area and smaller than the country/nation. Attributes of a Region: 1. Entity (Discernible, contiguous) 2. Similarity / commonality (not homogeneity) 3. Scale (manageable, operational) Types of Region; 1. Natural (hills, deserts etc)/ Cultural(Jharkhand,Telangana, Rayalsimha
cow belt. etc)
2. Functional (Agric, Resource etc) / Formal( Admin. States, Distts) 3. Special / Ad hoc / Arbitrary (Flood, earthquake, Dacoity prone) 4. Regions of Convenience (Postal, Telephones, Railways) 5. Planning Regions
Nodal Homogeneous
Special
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Nodal Region
Homogeneous Region
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*Planning (by Plng Commission) 15 Agro-clmtc Regions. *Plng. (physical Planners0 - TCPOs
H
H H H H
H
N
H
H H
Regional Delineation-
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2. Gravitational Method
Iab
a b d
Pa.Pb = 2 d
bd
I = Gravitation Index
Big City Small settlement Distance between them
Population size
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Relevance of Delineation Decreasing because of administrative boundaries are fixed and difficult to change to new organisational set up needed for planning & development .
References: Friedman and Alanso Regional Planning in India (L.S.Bhatt) Prof. Ansaris Reader Volume (SPA) Berrys Spatial Organisation Glassons
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Analysis for Inter & intra regional settlements & linkage mainly
Function Urban character Mobility
Techniques
Summit Technique (Potentiality & Propensity) Grid Tech Network Analysis Contours / Isopleths Remote sensing/ Satellite images Layering technique ( in intensively dev. Areas)
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REGIONAL PLANNING Approach & Methodology. Strategic Approach NODAL REGION / Metro- City Region
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Locational decentralisation / distraction of Investments Tertiarisation Consumer based, high tech. industries Node --- Linkage ---- Area Intervention in Settlement Pattern (G.P.,G.C.) Initiation Reinforcement Counter Magnets Complementary Magnets
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Analysis for Inter & intra regional settlements & linkage mainly
Diversification of primary sector Functions- Primary to secondary & teritiary sec linkage Areal disparity and imbalance in prodn. & infrastructure Mobility Spatial development. Index method Grid Tech Network Analysis Contours / Isopleths Remote sensing/ Satellite images Layering technique ( in intensively dev. Areas)
Techniques
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Population size and developed area required Functional base Development Form and pattern Landuse priorities (for basic fns.) Cultural profile &imageability Quantum of informal sector / squatters Sustainability Pressure on land (popln. Cattle) Supply area of Water, food, milk, horticultural produces Environmental- crowding pollution Decentralised approach Regenerative & Assimilative capacity
The END
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PHENOMENON OF URBAN DEV. Some places attract 1.People and 2.Economic Activities due to location advantage and regional resource endowment They physically manifest in 3. Area, 4. Nodes, 5. Networks
Industrial
DC
CBD Institutional
2. Functional or Economic Base Mono, Bi & MultiFnl mandi, admin, etc. 3. Area Landuses, Dist. Sectors 4. Nodes- CBD, DC, Rly Stn, Ports, Tourist points etc. 5. Networks (Transportation) 6. Infrastructure
Industrial 7. Environment
CBD Institutional
Regional Aspects
A. What does Regional aspect study contributes to UDP
Size and density