151

Understand . . . two premises on which sampling theory is based accuracy and precision for measuring sample validity five questions that must be answered to develop a sampling plan

152

Understand . . . two categories of sampling techniques and the variety of sampling techniques within each category various sampling techniques and when each is used

153

15-4

Sampling Population Element Population Census Sampling frame

155

Feasible

Necessary

156

Accurate

Precise

157

158

Element Selection Unrestricted

Restricted

Probability
Simple random Complex random Systematic Cluster Stratified Double

Nonprobability
Convenience Purposive Judgment Quota Snowball

159

What is the target population? What are the parameters of interest? What is the sampling frame? What is the appropriate sampling method? What size sample is needed?
1510

When

1511

1512

1513

1514

Advantages Provides an unbiased estimate of population parameters if properly done Economically more efficient than simple random Lowest cost per sample Easy to do without list

Disadvantages Often lower statistical efficiency due to subgroups being homogeneous rather than heterogeneous Moderate cost

1515

Stratified Population divided into few subgroups Homogeneity within subgroups Heterogeneity between subgroups Choice of elements from within each subgroup

Cluster Population divided into many subgroups Heterogeneity within subgroups Homogeneity between subgroups Random choice of subgroups

1516

1517

Advantages May reduce costs if first stage results in enough data to stratify or cluster the population

Disadvantages Increased costs if discriminately used

1518

No need to generalize Limited objectives

Feasibility

Issues
Time Cost

1519

Convenience Judgment Quota Snowball

1520

Determining Sample Size

1521

15-22

Reducing the Standard Deviation by 50%

Quadrupling the Sample

1523

1524

Standard Error (Z score)

% of Area

Approximate Degree of Confidence

1.00 1.65 1.96 3.00

68.27 90.10 95.00 99.73

68% 90% 95% 99%

1525

1526

Confidence

Z score

% of Area

Interval Range (visits per month)

68% 90% 95% 99%

1.00 1.65 1.96 3.00

68.27 90.10 95.00 99.73

9.48-10.52 9.14-10.86 8.98-11.02 8.44-11.56

1527

Precision Confidence level Size of interval estimate Population Dispersion Need for FPA
1528

Steps Desired confidence level Size of the interval estimate Expected range in population Sample mean Standard deviation Need for finite population adjustment Standard error of the mean Sample size

Information 95% (z = 1.96) .5 meals per month 0 to 30 meals

10 4.1 No .5/1.96 = .255

(4.1)2/ (.255)2 = 259

1529

Previous research on the topic Pilot test or pretest Rule-of-thumb calculation

1/6 of the range

1530

Steps Desired confidence level Size of the interval estimate Expected range in population Sample proportion with given attribute Sample dispersion Finite population adjustment Standard error of the proportion Sample size

Information 95% (z = 1.96) .10 (10%) 0 to 100% 30%

Pq = .30(1-.30) = .21 No .10/1.96 = .051 .21/ (.051)2 = 81
1531