Z- Transform and Its Properties

Dr. Wajiha Shah

The z-Transform
Given the causal sequence {x[1], x[2], ., x[k],.}, its z-transform is
defined as



The variable z may be regarded as a time delay operator

=

=
0
) ( ) (
k
k
z k X z X
Example
Find the z-transform of the sequence

x = {1, 1, 3, 2, 0, 4}

Solution:

5 4 3 2 1 0
5
0
) 5 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (

=

+ + + + + = =

z X z X z X z X z X z X z k X z X
k
k
5 3 2 1
4 2 3 1 ) (

+ + + + = z z z z z X
Exercise
Find the z-transform of the following sequences:

(a) {0, 1, 2, 4, 0, 0, . . .}
(b) {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, . . .}
(c) {0, 2
0.5
, 1, 2
0.5
, 0, 0, 0, . . .}
Z-Transform of Standard Discrete-Time Signals
Unit Impulse Function
A discrete time impulse
Shown in the Fig. is defined
as



The z-Transform of (k) is
X(z) = 1
( )
0 k 0
0 k 1
) (

=
=
= = k k x o
Sampled Step

Sampled Step
A sampled step function is shown in the Fig.
Mathematically, it is defined as



The z-Transform of u(k) is computed as
( )
lsewhere 0
... 2, 0,1, k 1

=
=
e
k u

=

=
0
) ( ) (
k
k
z k u z U
..... 1
5 4 3 2 1
+ + + + + + =

z z z z z
1 1
1
1

=

z
z
z
Exponential
Exponential:
A sampled exponential function is shown in the Fig.
Mathematically, it is defined as



The z-Transform of x(k) is computed as

( )
lsewhere 0
... 2, 0,1, k
k

=
=
e
a
k x

=

=
0
) ( ) (
k
k
z k x z X
..... 1
5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1
+ + + + + + =

z a z a z a z a az
a z
z
az
=

=
1
1
1
Properties of z-Transform
Linearity
Let x1(k) ,x2(k) , .... be discrete time sequences and a1, a2, . be constants,
then according to this property


Example: Find z-Transform of x(k) = 2u(k) + 4(k), where u(k) is a unit step
sequence and k = 0, 1, 2, .

Solution:

1
4 6
4
1
2 ) (

= +

=
z
z
z
z
z X
Contd
Time Delay
z[x(k D)]= z X(z)
where D denotes time delay.

Proof:

By definition


Let m = k-D or k = m+D


| |

=

=
0
) ( ) (
k
k
z D k x D k x z
| |
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
0
0
0
) (
z X z
z m x z
z z m x
z m x m x z
-D
k
m -D
D
k
m
k
D m
=
=
=
=

=
+
Contd
Example
Find the z-transform of the causal sequence





Solution:



( )
lsewhere 0
... 3, 2, k 4

=
=
e
k x
( ) ( ) 1
4
1
4
1
4 ) (
2
2

=

z z z z
z
z
z
z z X
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Inverse of the z-Transform
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Convolution Sum
Contd
Contd
Transfer Function
Contd
Contd