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Cubane
Dodecahedrane
Side and top views of a single-wall Chemical Bonding Basic exohydrogenated carbon nanotube
1916 G.N. Lewis propsed the dot symbol for valence electrons
1923 G.N. Lewis wrote Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules. 1939 L. Pauling wrote The nature of chemical bond 1940 N.V. Sidgwick and H.E. Powell studied the lone pairs of valence electrons.
Basic Chemical Bonding 2
Lewis Theory
G.N. Lewis (1875-1946) recognized valence (outmost) electrons fundamental to bonding electron transfer resulting in ionic bonds sharing electrons resulting in covalent bonds atoms tend to acquire a noble-gas electronic configurations
The attraction between electrons of one atom to the nucleus of another atom contribute to what is known as chemical bonds.
Basic Chemical Bonding 3
Please illustrate modern Lewis dot structures of periods 2 and 3 elements. Chieh does that during lecture.
Basic Chemical Bonding 5
HH, HCl, HOH, NH3, H, He, Cl, Ne H3O+, NH4+, OH , (coordinate covalent) Cl2, O2, (multiple bonds) N2, CO2
Explain the types in each line and write the dot structures.
Define: bond pair, lone pair, single bond, double bond, triple bond
Li H dipole moment
Basic Chemical Bonding 10
Formal Charge
The formal charge on any atom in a Lewis structure is a number assigned to it according to the number of valence electrons of the atom and the number of electrons around it. The formal charge of an atom is equal to the number of valence electrons, Nv.e. subtract the number of unshared electrons, Nus.e. and subtract half of the bonding electrons, Nb.e..
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Resonance
When several structures with different electron distributions among the bonds are possible, all structures contribute to the electronic structure of the molecule. These structures are called resonance structures. When two or more plausible Lewis structures can be written but the correct structure cannot be written is called resonance. For example:
..
O
..
O
..
O
:O:
:O :
:O:
:O:
:O:
:O :
Please complete the dot structure and find the formal charge for the above structures.
Basic Chemical Bonding 14
M = Al or Be Expanded valence shells, PCl3, PCl5, SF6, H2SO4, H3PO4 Draw Lewis dot structures of all these molecules to see the exceptions
Basic Chemical Bonding 16
Bond Properties
Bond length bond angle distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms angles for any two bonds around an atom
O O 148 O = O 121
145 498
Discuss the variations of bondBasic Chemical Bonding energy length and bond
VSEPR Theory
Valence-Shell Electron Repulsion Theory: The VSEPR model counts both bonding and nonbonding (lone) electron pairs (E), and call the total number of pairs number of electron groups (Neg). If the element A has m atoms bonded to it and n nonbonding pairs (E), then Neg = m + n Discuss the electronic and molecular structures of CH4, ENH3, & E2OH2. All have Neg = 4. Bond angles in these structure indicates that E E repulsion is stronger than that of bonding electrons.
CH4
ENH3
Basic Chemical Bonding
H2OE2
HFE3
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Shape of Molecules
During the lecture, we will discuss structures of the following: Make sure you can draw and name the AX2 linear geometrical shape of these structures. BeCl
2
AX3, AX2E triangular planar, bent BF3, SO2E AX4, AX3E AX2E2 tetrahedral, pyramidal, bent AX5, AX4E, AX3E2, AX2E3 triangular pyramidal, butterfly PCl5, SF4E, ClF3E2, XeF2E3 T-shape, linear AX6, AX5E, AX4E2 octahedral, square pyramidal, square planar SF6, BrF5E, XeF4E2, ICl4E2 AX4E, whats my shape?
Basic Chemical Bonding 19
..
S / ::O: \\
\
C=O / H
:O:
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H3C N C O
Draw the Lewis dot structure that satisfy the octet rule. N=C=O
120o 180o
H-C H
109o
What are the formal charges of all atoms in both structures? Describe the structures of C2H5OH, CH3CO2H, and H2NCH2CH2(OH)COOH. Basic Chemical Bonding
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Dipole Moment
The product of magnitude of charge on a molecule and the distance between two charges of equal magnitude with opposite sign is equal to dipole moment; D (unit is debye, 1 D = 3.34E30 C m (coulumb.metre); representation Cl+H, a vector ) Dipole moment = charge x distance Symbol: = e x d = dq * dbond
For Cl+H, = 1.03 D, dHCl = 127.4 pm Two ways of lookint at H+Cl, dq = 1.03*3.34e30 C m / 1.274e-12 m = 2.70e-20 C (charge separation by HCl )
mHCl = 1.03 D mHF = 1.9 D, find d and % ionic character for them.
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Answer & explain these: mHH = ____ mO=C=O = _____ mCH4 = _____ mCCl4 = _____ mBF3 = _____ mH2O = 1.84 D mO3 = 0.534 D (implication of long pair) Which are polar and non-polar, SF6, H2O2, C2H4, Cl3CCH3, PCl5, I-Cl, NO, SO2, CH2Cl2, NH3, (put your skill to tell molecular shape at work)
Basic Chemical Bonding 25
Review 1
Predict the molecular geometry of the polyatomic anion ICl4 Hint: Draw the Lewis dot structure for Cl and I (figure out the valence es) Drew the Lewis dot structure for ICl4
Review 2
Apply bond energy for thermochemistry calculation In a chemical reaction, add (ve) energy released from bonds formed and (+ve) energy required to break the bonds is the energy of the reaction DHrxno. Data:
What is the heat of reaction for 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g), DHrxno = 2 * D (HH) + D(O=O) 4 * D(HO)
2 H (g) H2 (g), DH = D (HH) H2 (g) H (g), = 2 * 436 + 489 4*464 DH = D (HH) = 495 kJ compare to DHfo = 248 kJ mol1 of H2O
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Review 3
What is the energy of reaction for CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) CH3Cl (g) + HCl (g)?
Data: D(C-H) = 414 kJ mol1 D(ClCl) = 243 D(C-Cl) = 339 D(HCl) = 431
Solution:
H3C H + Cl Cl H3C Cl + H Cl + 414 + 243 339 431 kJ DHrxno = + 414 + 243 339 431 kJ = 113 kJ
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