Introduction of Hydro Power

Introduction

Most widely used renewable resource for generation of electricity is hydropower.

The power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropower.

Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available in large quantities.

Region wise contribution of Hydropower

REGION NORTH WEST SOUTH EAST NORTH-EAST INDIA PERCENTAGE 30.34 13.86 37.2 15.27 37.72 24.74

Major Hydropower generating units

NAME OF DAMS BHAKRA NAGARJUNA KOYNA DEHAR SHARAVATHY KALINADI SRISAILAM STATE PUNJAB ANDHRA PRADESH MAHARASHTRA HIMACHAL PRADESH KARNATAKA KARNATAKA ANDHRA PRADESH CAPACITY (MW) 1100 960 920 990 891 810 770

Advantages of Hydropower Plant

Its life is about 50 years. It does not cause any kind of pollution. The running cost of this plant is very small. These plants are reliable and give high efficiency.

It uses water as source of energy ; which can be

reused for various other purposes.

Hydropower is an important renewable energy source world wide...

Sizes of Hydropower Plants

Large Scale

Small Scale
Micro

Large Scale Hydropower plant

Large hydropower systems typically require a dam.

Large

plants

capacity >30 MW.

Small Scale Hydropower Plant

Small

hydropower

facilities may involve

a small dam, or be a
diversion of the main stream.

Small

Plants

capacity b/w 100 kW

to 30 MW.

Micro Hydropower Plant

Micro

Plants

capacity up to 100 kW.

Micro-hydro facilities typically use a run-ofriver system.

Mechanism of a Hydropower Plant

PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

Water cycle in nature

Water surface evaporation.

Precipitation of

clouds.

Collected back to the oceans.

How Hydropower Works!

Elements or Components of a Hydropower Plant

1.Dam 2.Intake 3.Penstock 4.Turbine 5.Generator 6.Transformer 7. Outflow 8. Power House

Dams
Classification of dams Storage dams Diversion Dams Detention Dams Overflow Dams Rockfill Dams Gravity Dams

Intake
A water intake must be able to divert water into a penstock

without producing a

negative impact on
the environment.

Penstock
Penstock is used as a medium to convey

water from intake to the tunnel and finally

to the power house.

Turbines
Types of Hydro Turbines:
- Impulse turbines Pelton Wheel Cross Flow Turbines - Reaction turbines Propeller Turbines Francis Turbines Kaplan Turbines

Impulse Turbines

Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure.

The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.

High head. Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow

Pelton Wheels

Water with pressure strikes the spoon

shaped buckets.

It reverses the flow of water impulse and spins this the

turbine.

Pelton Wheels (continued)

Suited for high head, low flow sites. The largest units can be up to 200 MW. Can operate with heads as small as 15 meters and as high as
1,800 meters.

Cross Flow Turbines

Drum-shaped Elongated, rectangular-section directed against curved

vanes.

Squirrel cage blower

Reaction Turbines

Combined action of pressure and moving water. Lower head and higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines.

Types of reaction turbines: Propeller

Turbines Francis Turbines Kaplan Turbines

Propeller Hydropower Turbine

Runner with three to six blades.

Water contacts all of the blades constantly.

Through the pipe, the pressure is constant

Kaplan Turbine

It

has

adjustable

blades or pitch.

It

allows

efficient

power production in low head application.

Francis Turbines

Best suited for sites with high flows and low to medium head.

Efficiency of 90%. Expensive to design, and install.

Generator

Generator

is

the

heart of hydropower plant.

As the turbine blades

turn, so do the coil of

generator current. producing

Principle of Generator

The turbine turns, excitor sends an electrical current To the rotor. It spins inside a tightly wound coil of copper wire The stator. Thus the magnetic fields create electric current.

Transformers

A transformer is used to step up the voltage created by the generator and pass it

out to the power

house.

Out flow

Used water from the turbines is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, and it

thus re-enters the

river.

Power House

The function of power house is to protect the mechanical equipment. For this purpose a cleaning machine called TRASH TRACK is used. It removes the material from water to avoid entering the plant and damaging the machines.

Even here in our desert home,

we can experience new, renewable technologies with the power of water!

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PGI/CIV/09/69