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Pedro Gonzalez Cerrud PhD,CPA, CFP, CFA INVESCO Institutional Puerto Rico Nov. 15, 2002
Topics
Importance of Risk Tolerance in the Investment Process Budgeting for Risk Tolerance
Risk Budget Risk Budget and top down and bottom up investment decisions
Definition of risks
Volatility Losses Unknown Increases with expected returns Decreases with volatility of returns
The lower the risk tolerance more sensitive is the investor to the volatility of returns Ultimate objective of any investment program should be:
Both expected returns and risk tolerance of investors are dynamic variables
Change in factor affecting expected returns are faster than those impacting the level of risk tolerance
Risk Budget
Subset of understanding the clients risk appetite Is a way of taking a finite risk resource, and deciding how best to allocate it Use of tracking error to set the downside risk A method to identify, quantify and monitor the value at risk of the portfolio
Top Down Risk Budget: A Global Approach Liability Structure Benchmarks, Target alphas, Tracking Errors Alpha Diversification, Max Information Ratio
The Multi-Asset Problem: Alphas are perishable Style and asset class cycles can be very long Lower return environment expected in the future
Create a risk habitat that seeks to enhance & preserve alpha Two sources of alpha allows one to strive for higher returns Valuation and Dynamic approach to investing
Model cyclical and secular forces of relative return Quantitative and Fundamental investment platform The path to higher returns is through the eye of risk management Build bottom-up risk budget (understand alpha cycles) Build top-down risk budget (understand asset class cycles) Overall risk budget that targets realistic goals and objectives
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Top-Down
Returns are additive, risks are not Create the optimal risk habitat Solve for an information ratio of 1.0 Higher probability of achieving 300 bps alpha with 300 bps tracking error
Bottom-Up
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Beliefs
Inefficiencies across asset classes are meaningful enough and powerful enough to prompt us to capture them in an active mode. A disciplined, systematic approach (grounded in financial theory and devoid of human emotion) can provide incremental valueadded. We believe that to consistently add value from a top-down perspective, an investment approach needs to combine information from long-run valuation measures with insights about the near-term investment environment.
Philosophy
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Identify the Key Cyclical and Secular Drivers Valuation and Dynamic approach to determine the relative return signal Build a top-down risk budget: Asset Classes Countries Currencies Build a bottom-up risk budget Complete risk budget for the total portfolio
Step Three
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-15 -10 US Equity Market is a Stable Grower -5 G7 Nominal Growth (Inverted %) 0 Outperforms during Global Weakness 5 Under performs during Global Strength 10 15 20 25
12 Mo Change in US vs.
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 80
Risk Tolerance 11_02.ppt
Secular Drivers
Relative earnings determines relative performance of relative earnings is determined by the investment cycle
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00
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0.1
-0.1
-0.2 75 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00
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Relative earnings expectations favor US companies, US liquidity is more abundant than non-US liquidity
40 30
40
15.0
30
15.0
-30
Relative Liquidity
Relative Return
Global Growth
Relative Return
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Valuation
Shifts in global market share lead relative price performance Japan tends to gain share within global economic up-turns and lose within down-turns This measure, combined with other valuation measures, suggests that Japan is still reasonably valued despite out-performance year-to-date
Dynamics
Like most of Asia, Japan outperforms the rest of the world at the beginning of the economic cycle One of the leading indicators of the economic cycle is the Inventory/Sales ratio low readings imply strong potential in the global economy The Inventory/Sales ratio is currently very low (inverted at left); Japan should outperform. Other cyclical indicators confirm this message
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Deliver the best possible return within acceptable total and active risk budgets.
Properties of Risk:
Definition: On a stand alone basis, risk is the decay of compound returns. Diversification: Returns are additive, but risk is not. In a portfolio, risks can be diversified allowing the return of whole to exceed the sum of the returns of its parts. Universal Nature: Applicable in active or passive context, across asset classes, markets, securities, top-down alpha sources and bottom-up alpha sources.
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SINGLE A LPHA STRUCTURE Active Asset Allocation Stock/Bond Total Alpha Mix 100% Implied Alpha 0.90% 0.90% Tracking Error 2.75% 2.75% Information Ratio 0.33 0.33
MULTI- A LPHA STRUCTURE Active Asset Allocation Value/Growth Small/Large US/Non-US Equity Stock/Bond Alpha Mix 30% 20% 20% 30% Implied Alpha 0.33% 0.33% 0.33% 0.33% 1.32% Tracking Error 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.01% Information Ratio 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.66
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Chart 3: Large Cap Core: Trend Deviation: Relative Strength vs. Benchmark
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9
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Risk Tolerance 11_02.ppt
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96
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01
Feb-92
Apr-93
Jun-94
Aug-95
Oct-96
Dec-97
Feb-99
Apr-00
Jun-02
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Correlation Coefficient
-2
-4 Mar-94
Dec-94
Sep-95
Jun-96
Mar-97
Dec-97
Sep-98
Jun-99
Mar-00
Dec-00
Sep-01
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Allocation: 1 2 3 4 5 Core Large Value Large Growth Mid Cap Core Small 10.0% 17.5% 12.5% 2.5% 2.5%
Total:
45.0%
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Portfolio Implementation U.S. Equity Large Cap Value U.S. Equity Large Cap Growth U.S. Equity Large Cap Core U.S. Equity Mid Cap Core U.S. Equity Small Cap Core International Developed Equity International Developed Equity Small Cap Emerging Equity U.S. Bonds High Yield Bonds International Developed Bonds Emerging Bonds Cash Total From Portfolio Implementation
Average Tracking Target Alpha Error 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.75 3.50 5.00 4.00 0.75 1.00 1.75 4.50 0.20 2.06 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.50 4.25 7.00 10.00 8.00 1.50 2.00 3.50 9.00 0.10 2.03
Target Information Ratio 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.62 0.62 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.03
0.95 3.03
1.90 2.78
0.50 1.09
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Conclusions
R eturns are volatile I nvestment objectives defined as liabilities S ensitivity to changes in market and risk parameters K nowledge of long term and cyclical trends in the market T ake into consideration risk appetite O ptimal distribution of assets to maximize returns L ink of risk appetite and optimal assets E xpressed in a risk adjusted format R isk Budget to quantify and monitor risk A sset allocation based on alpha trends N umber and types of assets change based on sensitivity to volatility C onstant monitoring of sources of alpha and their risk characteristics E motions of investors taken into consideration
Risk Tolerance 11_02.ppt
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