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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
Examples:
A brick has mass and takes up space A desk has mass and takes up space A pencil has mass and takes up space Air has mass and takes up space Mass vs. Weight
All of the above examples are considered matter because they have mass and take up space. Can you think of anything that would not be considered matter?
Atoms
Smallest possible unit into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties Over 100 different kinds of atoms exist ( 90 occur naturally and 25is the in For example, what made labs) smallest possible unit into which a long by can Cannot be seen essaythe be divided and still naked eye orhave some meaning? even an optical microscope Can combine, or bond, to create additional types of matter Always moving when above the temperature of absolute zero
+ ++ +
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Taking a closer look will reveal that atoms are composed of smaller parts
Lets Experiment
In order to try to gain an idea of how small an atom really is, you will complete the following activity.
1. 2. 3. 4. Cut a strip of 11 in. paper in half. Place one half on the table. Cut the remaining piece in half. Continue cutting and placing the strips on the table as many times as you can. 5. Make all cuts parallel to the first one.
Results
How many cuts were you able to make? Do you think you could keep cutting the paper forever? Why or why not?
You would have to cut the paper in half around thirty-one (31) times to get to the size of any atom.
http://www.miamisci.org/af/sln/phantom/papercutting.html
Combining Atoms
There are over one hundred different types of atoms and they oftentimes combine to make new substances known as molecules and compounds Molecule
Results from the bonding of two or more atoms
Compound
A substance that contains two or more different elements (atoms)
Building Molecules/Compounds
Use the molecular model kit to build the following molecules/compounds
OO HO-H Structural Diagrams Show atomic Which of arrangement of these are molecule/compound
Oxygen Gas
H H C H H C H H C H H
Water
O C H OH H OH OH OH C C C C H C H H
Propane
H OH H
Glucose
Build a Molecule
Combining Molecules/Compounds
a combination of two or more substances that do not combine chemically, but remain the same individual substances is known as a mixture can be separated by physical means two types
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Based on the prefixes hetero and homo, what do you think are characteristics of these two types of mixtures?
Pour cup A into cup B and mix the contents with a glass stirring rod. Observations/Questions
Describe what you see in the cup. Draw a picture of what you see in the beaker. Using any means necessary, try to separate the mixture back into its original parts. Was it possible to separate the mixture? Why or why not?
Heterogeneous Mixture
Hetero means different consists of visibly different substances or phases (solid, liquid, gas) a suspension is a special type of heterogeneous mixture of larger particles that eventually settle Example:
Trail Mix
Notice the visibly different substances
Pour cup C into cup D and mix the contents with a glass stirring rod. Observations/Questions
Describe what you see in the cup. Draw a picture of what you see in the beaker. Using any means necessary, try to separate the mixture back into its original parts. Was it possible to separate the mixture? Why or why not?
Homogeneous Mixture
Homo means the same has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout; maintain one phase (solid, liquid, gas) commonly referred to as solutions Example:
Salt Water
Notice the uniform appearance
3.
4. 5.
Powdered sugar
White powder
Flammable Reacts with bleach and loses color Reacts with oxygen
Iron
Malleable
Physical Change
a change in shape, size, color, or state a change without a change in chemical composition a change that is reversible The Mixtures Lab Examples tearing paper cutting your hair change in state
Why do you think Bose-Einstein and Changes equallyStates in distanced from plasma are not
Disposition
Vaporization (Evaporation/Boiling) Melting Solid Liquid Gas Condensation
Plasma Recombination
Freezing
Sublimation
Bose-Einstein All changes in state require a change in energy
Chemical Change
a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light, odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes You usually need more than one of the above characteristics to be considered a chemical change! Examples combining sulfuric acid and sugar burning a piece of wood soured milk
2.
Baking a cake
Chemical Change
3.
4. 5.
Weight
the force of gravity on an object equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity
Mass = 59 kg Weight = 96 N
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html
Element
A pure substance made up of one kind of atom cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means Over 100 kinds of elements exist
90 occur naturally on Earth 25 were made by scientists in labs
http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Exist at extremely cold temperatures (around absolute zero or -460 oF) Particles are super unexcited Particles lock or clump together so firmly that they move as a single unit Definite shape and volume (?)
Solid
Particles are tightly compact Particles vibrate without the ability to move freely Definite shape and volume Solid Animation
Liquid
Particles are tightly compact, but able to move around close to each other No definite shape, but definite volume Liquid Animation
Gas
Particles can easily spread out or move close together Particle move freely and with a lot of energy No definite shape or volume Gas Simulation
Plasma
Exist at extremely high temperatures (several million degrees Celsius) Particles are broken apart Particles move freely and with extremely high energy This form is not too common on Earth, however it is the most common form of matter in the universe No definite shape or volume? Examples: Florescent and neon lights, lightning, aurora borealis
Why do you think this is the most common form/state of matter in the universe?
If you were to compare an ice cube and the steam created from boiling water, which would you think has more energy?
Density
a measure of the amount of matter present in a given volume of a substance typically expressed in the following units: does not depend on how much of a substance you have (intrinsic property) in other words, the density of a gold bar would be the same as the density of a gold flake can change as temperature and pressure change
Which do you think is more dense? Why?
grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids grams per milliliter (g/ml) for liquids
Layering Liquids
Using a test-tube and the eyedroppers, try to layer the four different colored liquids so that the colors dont mix and show distinct layers. 1. Hold the test-tube in your hand at a 45 degree angle. 2. Using the eyedropper from one of the colors, slowly place the liquid into the test-tube. 3. Repeat step two using the other three liquids until you get them layered. Record the order of the colors. If you dont get clear separation of the colors, you should empty the contents of the test tube down the drain and start again. These steps may need to be repeated several times until you discover the correct order of the colors.
*Placing white paper behind the straws will help you see the divisions
Calculating Density
Density can be calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume
Sample Problem Timothy found a solid metal block that has a mass of 100 grams and a volume of 25 cm3. What would be the density of the block?
D=m V
Practice Problems
1. Find the density of a substance with a mass of 27 g and a volume of 7 cm3. D=m V 2.
D = 27 g
7 cm3
= 3.86 grams
cm3
A block of maple has a mass of 20 grams and a volume of 26.5 cm3. What is the density of the block? D=m V
m D . V