ARDUINO

What is ARDUINO?
Arduino is a rapid electronic prototyping platform composed by the Arduino board and the Arduino IDE.

Why ARDUINO?
It is an open-source project, software/hardware is extremely accessible and very flexible to be customized and extended It is flexible, offers a variety of digital and analog inputs, SPI and serial interface and digital and PWM outputs It is easy to use, connects to computer via USB and communicates using standard serial protocol, runs in standalone mode and as interface connected to PC/Macintosh computers It is inexpensive, around 30 euro per board and comes with free authoring software Arduino is backed up by a growing online community, lots of source code is already available and we can share and post our examples for others to use, too! Arduino is a great tool for developing interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors and controlling a variety of lights, motors and other outputs. Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can be connected to a computer using USB. The Arduino will be seen by the computer as a standard serial interface.

BLOAK DIAGROM OF ARDUINO

 POWER PINS: VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source

(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be

supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is

50 mA.
Memory: The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also

has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off

examples of arduino ARDUINO NANO BACK&NANO FRONT

 VCC:- Digital supply voltage. GND:- Ground. Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2:-Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional

I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-upresistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,even if the clock is not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the

inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from

the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is

used as TOSC2..1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

Port C (PC5:0):-Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. PC6/RESET:If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.

Port D (PD7:0):-Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-upresistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running

AVCC:- AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital supply voltage, VCC. AREF:- AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. ADC76:- (TQFP and QFN/MLF package only) In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

OVERVIEW:-The Atmel ATmega48/88/168 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega48/88/168 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

Atmel ATmega168 Microcontroller

Introducton: Identify the Atmel ATmega16 microcontroller, STK500 Development Board, and associated hardware. Create a new project in AVR Studio, and populate the project with preexisting code. Use AVR Studio to compile code in ANSI C. Use AVR Studio to program the ATmega16 microcontroller

A microcontroller often serves as the brain of a mechatronic system. Like a mini, self-contained computer, it can be programmed to interact with both the hardware of the system and the user. Even the most basic microcontroller can perform simple math operations, control digital outputs, and monitor digital inputs. As the computer industry has evolved, so has the technology associated with microcontrollers. Newer microcontrollers are much faster, have more memory, and have a host of input and output features that dwarf the ability of earlier models. Most modern controllers have analog-to-digital converters, high-speed timers and counters, interrupt capabilities, outputs that can be pulse-width modulated, serial communication ports, etc.

High performance, low power Atmel AVR 8-bit microcontroller Advanced RISC architecture 131 powerful instructions most single clock cycle execution 32 8 general purpose working registers Fully static operation Up to 20 MIPS throughput at 20MHz On-chip 2-cycle multiplier High endurance non-volatile memory segments 4/8/16 Kbytes of in-system self-programmable flash program memory 256/512/512 bytes EEPROM 512/1K/1Kbytes internal SRAM Write/erase cyles: 10,000 flash/100,000 EEPROM Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C() Optional boot code section with independent lock bits In-system programming by on-chip boot program True read-while-write operation

ATmega168V-10PU

Atmega168 20AU 0629

WHAT IS DTMF:- DTMF is a signalling system for identifying the keys or better say the

number dialled on a pushbutton or DTMF keypad. The early telephone systems used pulse dialling or loop disconnect signalling. This was replaced by multi frequency (MF) dialling. DTMF is a multi frequency tone dialling system used by the push button keypads in telephone and mobile sets to convey the number or key dialled by the caller. DTMF has enabled the long distance signalling of dialled numbers in voice frequency range over telephone lines. This has eliminated the need of telecom operator between the caller and the callee and evolved automated dialling in the telephone switching centres. DTMF (Dual tone multi frequency) as the name suggests uses a combination of two sine wave tones to represent a key. These tones are called row and column frequencies as they correspond to the layout of a telephone keypad.

A DTMF KEYPAD (GENERATOR OR ENCODER) GENERATES A SINUSOIDAL TONE WHICH IS MIXTURE OF THE ROW AND COLUMN FREQUENCIES. THE ROW FREQUENCIES ARE LOW GROUP FREQUENCIES. THE COLUMN FREQUENCIES BELONG TO HIGH GROUP FREQUENCIES. THIS PREVENTS MISINTERPRETATION OF THE HARMONICS. ALSO THE FREQUENCIES FOR DTMF ARE SO CHOSEN THAT NONE HAVE A HARMONIC RELATIONSHIP WITH THE OTHERS AND THAT MIXING THE FREQUENCIES WOULD NOT PRODUCE SUM OR PRODUCT FREQUENCIES THAT COULD MIMIC ANOTHER VALID TONE. THE HIGH-GROUP FREQUENCIES (THE COLUMN TONES) ARE SLIGHTLY LOUDER THAN THE LOW-GROUP TO COMPENSATE FOR THE HIGH-FREQUENCY ROLL OFF OF VOICE AUDIO SYSTEMS. THE ENGINEERS HAD ENVISIONED PHONES BEING USED TO ACCESS COMPUTERS, AND SURVEYED A NUMBER OF COMPANIES TO SEE WHAT THEY WOULD NEED FOR THIS ROLE. THIS LED TO THE ADDITION OF THE NUMBER SIGN (#, SOMETIMES CALLED 'OCTOTHORPE,' 'POUND' OR 'DIAMOND' IN THIS CONTEXT - 'HASH' OR 'GATE' IN THE UK) AND ASTERISK OR "STAR" (*) KEYS AS WELL AS A GROUP OF KEYS FOR MENU SELECTION: A, B, C AND D. IN THE END, THE LETTERED KEYS WERE DROPPED FROM MOST PHONES, AND IT WAS MANY YEARS BEFORE THESE KEYS BECAME WIDELY USED FOR VERTICAL SERVICE CODES SUCH AS *67 IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA TO SUPPRESS CALLER ID.

Phone on the transmitting side: The person who wants to

switch on/off any device kept at the controller side calls from a phone and, once the call gets picked up, enters the password and tones for a corresponding device. Every key has to be pressed for a minimum amount of time to get it latched at the decoder IC.

Mobile phone on the receiving side: The mobile phone on

the receiver side picks up the phone automatically after 5seconds, and then makes the tones available to the DTMF tone decoder IC through the headphone jack of the phone.

The Microcontroller:
The five output bits of the decoder IC serve as an input to port 1 of the microcontroller. Then each tone is verified by the programmed microcontroller and once a correct sequence of code is received, output corresponding to the tones sent by the user is made available at the port0, which is connected to relay through a relay driver.

The Microcontroller:
The five output bits of the decoder IC serve as an input to port 1 of the microcontroller. Then each tone is verified by the programmed microcontroller and once a correct sequence of code is received, output corresponding to the tones sent by the user is made available at the port0, which is connected to relay through a relay driver.

Relay Circuitry:
The output from the port0 of the microcontroller is given to the relay driver IC which drives the corresponding relay, to which the home appliances are connected.

Home Appliances:
One terminal of each appliance is connected to relay and the other terminal is connected to 230v AC. As soon as the relay gets driven by the microcontroller the device gets switched on/off.

ASSUMPTIONS:1. The user and control unit will establish communication via GSM. 2. All service charges from service provider apply. 3. The controlled appliances will have to have an electrical interface in order to be controlled by microcontroller.