Akash Patil (090240111016)

Outline
Introduction Two Cavity Klystron Operation Performance characteristics Application

Introduction:
A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube (evacuated electron tube). Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radio frequencies to produce both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high-power carrier waves for applications such as radar and microwave relay transmitters, and the driving force for modern particle accelerators. This was invented by Russel Varian Sigurd Varian at Standford University in 1939. Here we are going to study about Two cavity Klystron Amplifier.

Two Cavity Klystron Amplifier:

Two cavity Klystron amplifier is basically a velocity modulated tube. Here a high voltage electron beam is formed, focused and sent down along the glass tube through an input cavity, Buncher. Then it is sent down to a field free drift space and then to an output cavity, Catcher to anode.

 The anode is kept at a positive potential with respect to cathode.

The electron beam passes through a gap A consisting of two grids of the Buncher cavity separated by very small distance and two other grids of the Catcher cavity with a small gap B.

Operation:
The RF signal to be amplified is used for exciting the input Buncher cavity thereby developing an alternating voltage of signal frequency across the gap A. The electron beam is travel through a cylindrical drift tube in a straight path by an axial magnetic field. The situation is best explained by means of an Applegate diagram which is shown here.

At point B on the input RF cycle, the alternating voltage is zero and going positive. At this instant, the electric field across gap A is zero and an electron which passes through gap A at this instant is unaffected by the RF signal. Let this electron be called the reference electron eR which travels with an unchanged velocity. At point C of the RF cycle an electron which leaves gap A later than reference electron eR called late electron el . It has increased velocity and this electron overtakes the reference electron.

 Similarly an early electron ee that passes the gap A slightly before the reference electron is subjected to a maximum negative field. Hence this early electron is decelerated and travels with a reduced velocity. Therefore the velocity electron varies in accordance with RF input voltage, resulting in velocity modulation of the electron beam. As a result of these actions, the electrons in the bunching limit gradually bunch together as they travel down the drift space from gap A to B.

 The function of the CATCHER GRIDS is to absorb energy from the electron beam. The catcher grids are placed along the beam at a point where the bunches are fully formed. Bunching occurs only once per cycle centered around the reference electron. With proper design, a little RF power applied to the cathode cavity results in the large beam currents at the catcher with a considerable power gain.

Performance characteristics:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Frequency: 250MHz to 100 GHz Power: 10kW to 500kW Power Gain: 15dB to 70Db Bandwidths: Limited- 10MHz to 60MHz Noise Figure: 15dB to 20dB Efficiency: 58%

Applications:
1. As power output tubes: a. b. c. d. in UHF TV transmitters In troposphere scatter transmitters Satellite communication ground stations Radars transmitters

2. As power oscillator if used as a Klystron oscillator