Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Previous Format
Title Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables Abstract
Previous Format
Chapter 1 The Problem and its Setting Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Chapter 3 Materials and Methods Chapter 4 Results and Discussion Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations
Previous Format
Acknowledgment Bibliography Appendices
Research Plan
Materials
Introduction
Background
of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature
The Title
Brief
Catchy
Simple
Leading
TITLE Make or Break part Says a lot about your research project
TITLE Formulated before the start of the research It may be revised and refined later if there is a need
TITLE
It must be brief and concise as possible. Avoid the terms a study of, an analysis of, an investigation of, etc.
Examples
The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)
Improvements
The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus In vitro antrimicrobial activity of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract
Improvements
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour as an alternative ingredient in breadmaking Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour and commercial flour in breadmaking: a comparative study
Improvements
The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.) Screening of antifungal activity of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.) Characterization of corn (Zea mays L.) resistance against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth: An antifungal study via
Table of Contents
Lists the title of the different parts including the title of each important subdivision with the corresponding page number
Example
Introduction ------------------------------------------------5 Background of the Study ------------------------------5 Statement of the Problem -----------------------------7 Significance of the Study ------------------------------8 Scope and Limitations ----------------------------------9
Abstract
short
concise
250 words max
summary
Abstract
Purpose of the study Brief description of the methods Results Important conclusions
Abstract Purpose of the study An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project. A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.
Abstract
Brief description of the methods A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted. Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation. An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be
Abstract
Results This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn. It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs. Important conclusions
Example - Title
POTENTIAL ANTIANGEONIC PROPERTY OF Cassia alata L. HEXANE EXTRACT ON THE EMBRYONIC BLOOD VESSELS OF DUCK, Anas dometicus EMBRYOS
Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good candidate antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential as an
Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good
Research Plan
Describe the research design (or defend) Provide enough details so that a competent worker can repeat the experiments
Research Plan
Overview of the Experiment Population/Sample location Restrictions/Limiting conditions Sampling technique Materials
Research Plan
General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan Past Tense, active or passive voice. Third Person perspective. Clear and not too wordy Include only what is necessary for one recreating the experiment to know.
Example:
...the weighing out of the agarose was undertaken until 5g was measured out and the agarose was then later added to the Solution...
Example:
Materials and equipment utilized during the experiment should be mentioned throughout the procedure as they are used.
Example
Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Leaves and Fruit Extract: Its Antibacterial Effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enteritidis
WRONG!
Materials and Equipment Distilled Water Kamias fruits (Sample) Blender Cheesecloth Bottles Refrigerator
CORRECT
Materials and Equipment Preparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.
For materials, include the exact specifications and quantities. Avoid the use of trade names use chemical, generic, or scientific names.
WRONG!
Materials and Equipment Kamias fruits were collected from the farm. Wilkins Distilled water was used to wash the fruits. Using a blender, the fruits were ground.
CORRECT
Materials and Equipment Preparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.
Do not explain too much about why you have used a certain method. You can put these explanations into your Results section.
Example
leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.
WRONG!
Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.
CORRECT
Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.
Be precise. If something was heated or cooled, give the temperature. How or how much should be answered in your methods.
CORRECT
leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. All of the resulting Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.
Do not include any results. Make use of figures and tables, they are the most efficient way to convey bulky detailed information.
Research Plan
Introduction
Informs the reader of the problem under study Sets the scene for the project
Introduction
Background
of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature
1
2 3
1
2 3
1
2 3
1
2 3
This is one of the most important parts of a research report. This is the focus of the study and all questions should be categorically answered.
Contributions may be viewed from the point of the target beneficiaries like the researcher himself, service providers, client, implementors, the community, etc.
Scope = coverage
Subjects facilities Objectives
samples
Time frame
area
issues
Scope
The study will focus on The coverage of this study . The study covers the The study focuses on It includes It is concerned with .. The study consists of
Limitations
This study is limited to The study does not cover . The investigators limited this research to It does not seek to include
THE REVIEW
Last part of the Introduction
THE REVIEW
It aims to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial. This part provides the investigator a background regarding the aspects which have been studied and not yet studied.
THE REVIEW
The researcher compares between what should be read and included in the study and what should not be read. The investigator is required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to the study.
THE REVIEW
conceptual
RRL
research
THE REVIEW
WHY DO WE REVIEW?
Tell me why...
WHY DO WE REVIEW?
Eliminate reinventing the wheel Reveals gaps in knowledge Provide basis for research design Places your study in perspective Evaluate various studies
HOW DO WE REVIEW?
No to in toto
HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme. It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words. The final product will be a synthesis a smooth blending of selected articles built around the key words of your study.
HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme. It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words. The final product will be a synthesis a smooth blending of selected articles built around the key words of your study.
SOURCES OF DATA
Primary
Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures, Conferences, the like
Secondary
Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like
SOURCES OF DATA
Journals
Current,
SOURCES OF DATA
Journals
Current,
SOURCES OF DATA
SOURCES OF DATA
Plos Biology Landes Bioscience Springer (SpringerLink) Phil Journ Sci Phil Agri Sci Science Diliman
SOURCES OF DATA
Primary
Secondary
Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like
THE library
SOURCES OF DATA
Books
In-depth
coverage Written by specialists/scientists Some are not current Logically and coherently arranged
SOURCES OF DATA
Encyclopedia
Answers
THE internet
SOURCES OF DATA
The internet is a convenient and easy source of info but there is a need to assess the reliability of the sources.
Wikipedia
Is
www.dost.gov.ph www.denr.gov.ph
Whats missing?
The problem is not that of "finding anything" but finding a particular thing. When your search term in one of the popular search engines brings back 130,000 hits, you still wonder if the one thing you're looking for will be among them.
Whats missing?
Copyrighted books
magazines
newspapers
summaries
How to search?
Help
Search Syntax
Use marks.
Example:
Advanced Search
Search Syntax
Use filetype:pdf
journals
Scientific free
Descriptors
Should be done whether the materials they use are in print or electronic