Metabolism of Bacteria

Dian Widya Ningtyas, STP.MP.

Why do we must know the metabolism of bacteria ?

Because we want to know how to inhibit or stop bacteria growth and want to control their metabolism to prolong shelf-life of food products.

I. Definitions
metabolism The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Consists of anabolism and catabolism. anabolism Biosynthetic reactions; energyrequiring reactions; endergonic reactions. catabolism Hydrolytic, degradative reactions; energy-producing reactions; exergonic reactions.

What are nutrients that bacteria want?

C N O
Sugar, Lipid Protein Energy, Biosynthesis Biosynthesis

Air

Energy

Overview of Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

1. EmbdenMeyerhofParnas (EMP) pathway, glycolysis

Carbohydrate Metabolism

2. EntnerDoudoroff (ED) pathway

Carbohydrate Metabolism

3. Pentose phosphate (PP) pathway

Table 1: Distribution of EmbdenMeyerhofParnas (EMP), EntnerDoudoroff (ED), and pentose phosphate (PP) pathway in bacteria Organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus) Salmonella typhimurium Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Yersinia pseudotuberculosis EMP + + + + + ED +i +i +i +i +i PP + + + -

Remark:

+ = Present; = not present. i = inducible

Formation of intermediates of the Embden Meyerhof Parnas (EMP) and EntnerDoudoroff (ED) pathway from carbohydrates other than glucose

The Krebs Cycle

Pyruvic acid (6C)
+ NAD NADH CoA CO2

Acetyl CoA (2C) Oxaloacetic acid(4C)

NADH NAD+

CoA

Citric acid (6C)

H O 2

Malic acid (4C)

H2O

Isocitric acid (6C) +

NAD NADH

Fumaric acid (4C)

FADH 2 FAD

alpha-Ketoglutaric acid(5C)
CoA CoA NAD+ NADH

CO2

Succinic acid
(4C)
GTP

Succinyl CoA
GDP

CO2

(4C)

Overview of fermentation products formed from pyruvic acid by different bacteria

Lipid Metabolism
Lipids are essential to the structure and function of membranes Lipids also function as energy reserves, which can be mobilized as sources of carbon 90% of this lipid is triacyglycerol lipase triacyglycerol glycerol + 3 fatty acids The major fatty acid metabolism is -oxidation

Lipid Metabolism

Glycerol Metabolism

 A. Lipid catabolism
Simple lipids consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Lipase hydrolyses ester bonds. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation. Glycerol ultimately enters the glycolytic pathway. Acetyl CoA enters Kreb cycle. Energy is produced.

Lipid Catabolism
Simple lipids
Lipase

Glycerol Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycolytic pathway) Acetyl CoA

Kreb Cycle

Fatty acids Beta-oxidation

L i p i d
M e t a b o li s m

-oxidation of fatty acid

Nitrogen Metabolism
Nitrogen is an essential element of biological molecules, such as amino acids, nucleotides, proteins, and DNA

Bacteria vary widely in their ability to utilize various sources of nitrogen for synthesis of proteins

General view of nitrogen metabolism

 B. Protein catabolism:
Proteins are broken down into amino acids some of which enter the Krebs cycle. Others are converted to pyruvic acid.

Catabolism
Proteins Carbohydrates Glucose Lipids Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids

Glyceraldehyde 3-P Pyruvic acid Acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle ATP

Pathways Involved in Nitrogen Utilization

1. Protein Digestion by proteinase and peptidase 2. Oxidative Deamination

3. Reductive Deamination

4. Decarboxylation

5. Transamination Reactions

6. Nitrification 7. Denitrification

Synthesis of Cellular Components

The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme nitrogenase

Benefits of studying metabolism of bacteria in food microbology

1. Can prolong shelf life of food product by control or block enzyme of the pathway (Chemical Preservatives) 2. Can be used to detection contamination by looking at metabolic activity

Chemical Preservative
1. Benzoic Acid Inhibit to enzyme in Glycolysis and TCA pathway

Chemical Preservative
2. Sorbic Acid Inhibition by sorbic acid may cause cell death, slowing of growth

Thank You