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Organisms reproduce
There are two factors within an organisms habitat. Biotic factors are the living things in a habitat such as plants, animals, bacteria, etc. Abiotic factors are the non-living things in an environment such as rocks, sand, air, sunlight, water, soil, temperature etc. Can you think of some biotic and abiotic factors of your backyard?
Ecology
Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment. An ecosystem is all the living and non-living things in a particular area.
Within an ecosystem, many different populations of organisms interact and compete for the things they need. The size of a population of a particular organism can be influenced by many factors. Organisms compete for food, water and living space. When there isnt enough to go around, the population of a species decreases or goes down. These factors are called limiting factors.they limit populations.
Competition
When there is a limited amount of food, water or space in the environment, organisms are forced to compete with each other. Competition is a situation where organisms struggle with each other and their environments in order to get what they need to live. All ecosystems are based on competition. Competition controls the populations within a habitat so that no one population gets too large. Animals that catch and eat their prey are called predators. The animals the predators eat are the prey.
Q: What would happen if the number of prey in an ecosystem declined? Q: What would happen if the number of predators in an ecosystem declined?
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Symbiotic Relationships
Instead of competing with one another, sometimes organisms depend on each other by living together and helping one another.
Symbiosis is a relationship between two organisms in which one or both of the partners benefit. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, mutualism and parasitism.
Mutualism
Mutualism is a relationship in which both organisms benefit. For example, small birds sometimes piggyback on top of hippos in order to get their food. They pick off small insects to eat. The hippo benefits because the insects are removed and the birds benefit because they got a good supper!
Commensalism
Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms in which one member benefits and the other is neither harmed, nor helped. For example, a bird builds a nest in a tall tree The tree provides protection to the bird from ground predators. The bird is helped and the tree doesnt even know the difference!
Parasitism
In the relationship of parasitism, one partner benefits and the other is harmed. A blood-sucking flea is a great example of a parasite. The flea is the parasite and the unfortunate dog is its host. The parasite benefits and the host is harmed.
The sun is the source of all energy in an ecosystem! The energy must be passed from one organism to another!
Producers
Energy enters an ecosystem as sunlight. Plants absorb that sunlight with their leaves. They combine the energy with water and carbon dioxide to make food for themselves. They release oxygen which humans and animals need to survive. The process in which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food is called photosynthesis. Plants are known as producers or autotrophs because they produce or make their own food.
Consumers
Consumers, or heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food. They must rely on producers or consumers that eat producers for energy. Consumers that eat only plants are known as herbivores. A cow is an example of an herbivore. Consumers that eat animals are known as carnivores. A wolf is a carnivore. Omnivores are consumers that eat both plants and animals. Most humans are omnivores.
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Decomposers
Decomposers are organisms that get their energy by breaking down waste or dead organisms into nutrients. The nutrients are then recycled back into the environment. Fungi and bacteria are examples of decomposers. A log on the ground disappears over time, it has decomposed. A dead animal will eventually decompose.
Food Web
A food web is a way to show how the energy from the sun gets passed around different organisms in the environment.
Energy Pyramid
The energy pyramid shows how energy moves from one level to another. The sun provides energy to the plants, the mice eat the plants and the snake eats the mice. Energy travels from one level to another. A little bit of energy gets used at each level.
Plants take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Animals and humans take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Plants and animals need each other for survival.
Nitrogen Cycle
Animals eat plants, that contain nitrogen. The animals produce waste which goes into the ground. Decomposers (bacteria) break down the waste and release nitrogen back into the air and soil. Plants use the nitrogen rich soil and the process begins again.
Tundra
Rainforest
There are two types of rainforests: temperate rainforest and tropical rainforest A temperate rainforest has medium to low temperatures, but a lot of precipitation. The northwestern part of the United States has a temperature rainforest. Tropical rainforests have hot climates and a lot of precipitation. Tropical rainforests are found mostly near the equator and have a huge variety of plants and animals. There are major tropical rainforests in South America (Amazon Rainforest), middle Africa and in Indonesia.
Deserts
A desert is an area that gets little or no precipitation each year. A hot desert becomes very cool at night. Some deserts are cooler and actually get low temperatures. Organisms that live in the desert must adapt to dry situations in order to survive. A cactus can hold a large amount of water when it rains because it has to conserve it during dry times. Most desert animals are active at night when it is not so hot.
Grasslands
There are two kinds of grasslands: prairie grasslands and savanna grasslands. Prairie grasslands get little rain, not enough for trees to grow. Because of the dry climate, many fires start. North America has a large area that is prairie grasslands. Animals such as bison, rabbits, prairie dogs, hawks, mice, fox, ferrets, snakes and owls live in the prairie grasslands. Savanna grasslands receive more rain than prairies and are home to animals such as the elephant, zebra, antelope, giraffe, and rhino. Africa has large areas of savannah grasslands.
Deciduous Forest
Deciduous trees are trees that lose their leaves and grow new ones each year. A deciduous forest is a forest with many deciduous trees. Deciduous forests have enough rain to support the growth of trees. The temperatures in deciduous forests are quite different during the seasons of the year, spring, summer, winter and fall. Animals like skunks, squirrels, chipmunks, birds, deer, fox and bear live in deciduous forests. Many of these animals have to adapt to cold winters or migrate to warmer areas during that time.
Tundra
The tundra is an extremely dry and cold biome. A tundra is covered with snow most of, if not all of the year. The ground is permanently frozen. This is called permafrost. Few plants grow on the tundra, mostly grass, moss, shrubs and small trees. Animals such as caribou, musk ox, foxes, wolves. [polar bear and arctic rabbits live in the tundra. They have to have thick fur to protect them from the cold.
Tundra Biomes:
Aquatic Ecosystems
Aqua means water. Aquatic ecosystems are water-based habitats. There are two types of aquatic ecosystems: freshwater and marine (salt water) ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems, like land ecosystems depend on sunlight, temperature and oxygen to make life successful. Organisms must adapt to their surroundings in order to survive.
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Freshwater Ecosystems
There is a lot of water on our Earth, but only a small amount is made up of fresh water. Therefore it is important to protect our fresh water! Freshwater ecosystems include lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.
Marine Ecosystems
An estuary is found where the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of an ocean. The Intertidal Zone is the rocky area along the ocean shoreline that experiences the highs and lows of the tides. The Neritic Zone is the shallow part of the ocean that covers the continental shelf. Sunlight is able to reach through the water so this zone supports a lot of life. The Open Ocean is made up of the surface zone and the deep zone. Light from the sun can shine through the surface zone, so life is plentiful. The deep zone gets little to no sunlight. Did you know? Our Earth is sometimes called the Blue Planet? Do you know why?
Tide Pools:
Open Ocean
Deforestation is the cutting down of many trees and not replacing them. We use wood as a resource, but trees support plant and animal life. We must think about our future before cutting down acres of forests, without making plans to replace them!
Construction: Expanding the places where humans live harms the natural ecosystems. Life in those ecosystems must move elsewhere and some do not survive.
Extinction
Extinction means the disappearance of a species. This is a natural process and throughout history, many organisms have become extinct, like the dinosaurs. Organisms that are in danger of becoming extinct are known as endangered species. Although extinction happens naturally, humans have a large role in endangering species. Our actions destroy the ecosystems and endanger the organisms that live in them. Species are more likely to become extinct if: They are naturally rare They are sensitive to changes in the environment They have picky food or shelter needs They have small numbers of offspring They interfere with people in some way
A Final Thought:
Our world is full of resources that we need in order to survive. We must take care of those resources! Ecosystems contain many resources. We must make certain not to harm or ruin them. Plants and animals rely on one another. If one disappears, so does the other. Humans rely on both plants and animals. Clean air, land and water are our most precious resources. We must do our best to keep them clean!