Navier-Stokes Equation: Newtonian Fluid

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Navier-Stokes Equation
Newtonian Fluid
Constant Density, Viscosity
Cartesian, Cylindrical, spherical coordinates

Cartesian Coordinates
g V P
Dt
DV
+ V + V =
2
x
x x x x
z
x
y
x
x
x
g
z
V
y
V
x
V
x
P
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V
t
V
+
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
y y y y
z
y
y
y
x
y
g
z
V
y
V
x
V
y
P
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V
t
V
+
(
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
z z z z
z
z
y
z
x
z
g
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
P
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V
t
V
+
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cylindrical Coordinates
g V P
Dt
DV
+ V + V =
2
( )
r
r r
r
r
z
r r
r
r
g
V
r z
V V
r
rV
r r r
r
P
z
V
V
r
V V
r
V
r
V
V
t
V
u u
u
u u
+
(
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 1
z
z z z z
z
z z
r
z
g
z
V V
r r
V
r
r r z
P
z
V
V
V
V
r
V
V
t
V
u
+
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
( )
u
u u
u
u u u u u u
u u
u u
g
V
r z
V V
r
rV
r r r
P
r z
V
V
r
V V V
r
V
r
V
V
t
V
r
z
r
r
+
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 1 1
1
Centrifugal force
Coriolis force
Spherical Coordinates
g V P
Dt
DV
+ V + V =
2
( )
r
r r
r
r r r
r
r
g
V
r
V
r
V r
r r
r
P
r
V V
V
r
V
V
r
V
r
V
V
t
V
| u u
u
u u
| u u
| u |
u
+
(
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
sin
( ) ( )
u
u u
u u
| u
u
|
u u u u
| u
u
u | u
u
u u u
u
u
| u u
g
V
r
V
r
V
r
V
r
V r
r r
P
r r
V V V
V
r
V
V
r
V
r
V
V
t
V
r
r
r
+
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
sin
cot 2 2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1 1
1
cot
sin
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Spherical Coordinates
g V P
Dt
DV
+ V + V =
2
( )
|
u
|
|
|
| u | | | |
u
| |
| u
u
| u | u
u
u u u
| u
u
| u u
g
V
r
V
r
V
r
V
r r
V
r
r r
P
r r
V V V V V
r
V V
r
V
r
V
V
t
V
r
r
r
+
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
sin
cot 2
sin
2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1 1
sin
1
cot
sin
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
BSL has g
u
here instead of g
|

Spherical Coordinates (3W)
g V P
Dt
DV
+ V + V =
2
r r r
r r r
r
r
g
V
r
V
r
V
r
V
r
V
r
P
r
V V
V
r
V
V
r
V
r
V
V
t
V
| u
u
u
| u u
|
u
u
| u |
u
+
(
c
c

c
c
V +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
sin
2
cot
2 2 2
sin
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
| u u
u
u u c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
= V
r r r
r
r r
3W &R have the formula in terms of However, the expression for is incorrect in the book
2
V
2
V
Continuity
( ) 0 . = V +
c
c
V
t

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
V
z
V
y
V
x t

( ) ( ) ( ) 0
1 1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z r
V
z
V
r
V r
r r t

u
u
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
| u

| u
u
u u
V
r
V
r
V r
r r t
r
Newtons law of viscosity
( ) ( ) ( )o k t V V V .
3
2
V
|
.
|
\
|
+ V + V =
+
Constant Density, zero dilatational viscosity
(
c
c
+
c
c
= =
y
V
x
V
x
y
xy yx
t t
(
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= =
u
t t
u
u u
r
r r
V
r r
V
r
r
1
(
c
c
+
c
c
= =
z
V V
r
z
z z
u
u u
u
t t
(
c
c
+
c
c
= =
r
V
z
V
z r
r z rz
t t
Cylindrical coordinates
Newtons law of viscosity
( ) ( ) ( )o k t V V V .
3
2
V
|
.
|
\
|
+ V + V =
+
Spherical coordinates:
Constant Density, zero dilatational viscosity
(
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= =
u
t t
u
u u
r
r r
V
r r
V
r
r
1
N-S Equation: Examples
ODE vs PDE
Spherical and cylindrical coordinates
Eqn for pipe flow (Hagen Poiseulle)
Flow between rotating cylinders (not solved in class)
Thin film flow with temp variation (not solved in class, steps were
discussed briefly. BSL worked out example)
Radial flow between circular plates (BSL 3B.10)

Example problems
1. Pressure driven steady state flow of fluid
between two infinite parallel plates
inside a circular tube
2. Steady state Couvette flow of a fluid
between two infinite parallel plates with top plate moving
at a known velocity
between two circular plates of finite radius, with the top
plate rotating at a known angular velocity
between two circular cylinders with outer cylinder
rotating at a known angular velocity (end effects are negligible)
between a cone and plate (stationary plate and cone is
rotating at a known angular velocity). Angle of cone is very small
(almost a parallel plate with almost zero gap)
3. Coutte Poisseuille flow
between two parallel plates
N-S Equation: Examples
PDE
Please refer to the book Applied Mathematical Methods for Chemical
Engineers by Norman W Loney (CRC press), pages 330 to 342 for
worked out examples for Momentum Transfer problems involving PDE.
Either multi dimensional or time dependent (however multidimensional
and time dependent cases are not discussed in detail)
Steady state in Rectangular channel: pressure driven , coutte flow
Plan suddenly moving with constant velocity (or stress) from time t=0
(Stokes problem)
Sudden pressure gradient in a cylindrical tube (unsteady flow ,
converging to Hagen-Poisseuilles flow (Bessel functions)
Flow between two (non rotating) cylinders, caused by boundary
movement (coutte flow). Unsteady vs steady (not discussed in class or
covered in tutorial)
Guidelines for solving PDE in Momentum
Transfer
Method:
If the problem involves finite scales, separation of variable method should
be tried
If the problem involves infinite (or semi-infinite) distances, combination of
variables method should be tried

Transfer
Solution forms, for finite scales:
Applying the separation of variables directly may not always give proper
results
If the equation is non-homogenous
For time dependent problems, first try to get steady state solution (and try
that as the particular solution for the equation). Unsteady state solution
may be the general solution for the corresponding homogenous equation
For multi dimensional problems, first try to get solution for one
dimensional problem and try that as particular solution. The correction
term may be the general solution for corresponding homogenous
equation.
Even if the equation is homogenous, you can try the above methods of
obtaining steady state or one dimensional solution. The complete
solution will be the sum of steady state + transient solution OR one
dimensional solution + correction for presence of plates (for example).
Always make sure that the correction term goes to zero in the appropriate
limit (eg time --> infinity, or the width of the channel --> infinity)
Transfer
Other relevant Information:
Problems in Cartesian coordinates tend to give Cosine/ Sine series solution.
In cylindrical coordinates, Bessel functions. In spherical coordinates,
Legendre functions
When you attempt a complete solution as steady state+ transient (OR
one dimensional + correction), make sure that you also translate the
boundary conditions correctly
While solving for the transient or correction terms, you may encounter a
situation where you have to choose an arbitrary constant (either positive or
negative or zero). Usually the constant will not be zero. Choose the
constant as positive or negative, depending on the boundary conditions
(otherwise, you will proceed only to realize that it will not work).
Stokes first problem (Please refer to
BSL for solution)
x
x x x x
z
x
y
x
x
x
g
z
V
y
V
x
V
x
P
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V
t
V
+
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
N-S Equation: Example: Steady
state flow in Rectangular channel
Steady state in Rectangular channel: pressure driven flow,
incompressible fluid
h 2
h
h + b b 2
h 2
Vy = Vz =0
Vx is function of y and z
gravity has no component in x direction
x
y
z
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
2
2
2
2
0
z
V
y
V
x
P
x x
Method employed: Find a particular solution satisfying above

equation; then find a general solution satisfying following differential
eqn
(
(
c
c
+
c
c
=

2
2
2
2
0
z
V
y
V
general x general x
particular x general x x
V V V

+ =
1
2
3
N-S Equation: Example;
Rectangular channel
Hint: To obtain a physically meaningful format, we can take
particular solution to resemble one dimensional flow (when b goes to
infinity)
h 2
h
h + b b 2
h 2
x
y
z
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
2
2 2
1
2 h
y h
x
P
V
particular x
Note: Check that the above solution is a valid particular solution

Before trying to get general solution, write down the boundary
conditions for the over all solution Vx
( ) 0 , = = z h y V
x
( ) 0 , = = b z y V
x
0
0
0
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
=
z
x
y
x
z
V
y
V
4
5
N-S Equation: Examples;
rectangular channel
Translate that to get the boundary conditions for Vx-general
( ) 0 , = =
z h y V
general x
( )
particular x general x
V b z y V

= = ,
0
0 0
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
z
general x
y
general x
z
V
y
V
particular x x general x
V V V

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
2
2 2
1
2 h
y h
x
P
V
particular x
We know
Hence, from equation 5,
Use separation of variables method
( ) ( ) z g y f V Assume
general x
=
(
(
c
c
+
c
c
=

2
2
2
2
0
z
V
y
V
general x general x
implies
0 = ' ' + ' ' f g g f
3
2
Eqn
6
7b
7a
rectangular channel
Since LHS is only a function of y and RHS is fn of z, both must be
equal to a constant
We say
Note: Why do we say , why not ? What will
happen if you try that? Or if we say ?
implies
0 = ' ' + ' ' f g g f
g
g
f
f ' '
=
' '
2
=
' '
=
' '
g
g
f
f
In any case, the chosen constant leads to
( )
z z
e C e C z g

+ =
4 3 ( ) ) sin( ) cos(
2 1
y C y C y f + =
0
0
=
c
c
=
z
general x
z
V
implies
4 3
C C =
implies
0
2
= C
0
0
=
c
c
=
y
general x
y
V
8
2

2
+
0 =
9
From
6
and
rectangular channel
Hence, substituting in
( ) ( ) ( )
z z
general x
e e y C C z g y f V

+ = = ) cos(
3 1
Using superposition principle
( )
+ =
z z
n general x
e e y C V

) cos(
( ) 0 , = =
z h y V
general x
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
2
2 2
1
2 h
y h
x
P
V
particular x
Now, from
( )

+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
) cos( 1
2
2
2 2
y e e C
h
y h
x
P
b b
n

9 7a
6
( )
particular x general x
V b z y V

= = ,
( )
h
n
2
1 2
t
+ =
Again, from
6
implies
implies
rectangular channel
Using Fourier cosine expansion for an even function
we can find Kn
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
2
2 2
1
2 h
y h
x
P
V
particular x
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
) cos( 1
2
2
2 2
y K
h
y h
x
P
n

Equating the co-efficients, we get

( )
n
b b
n
K e e C = +

( )
b b
n
n
e e
K
C

+
=
Hence, general solution part is
( )
( )
+
+
=
z z
b b
n
general x
e e y
e e
K
V

) cos(
rectangular channel
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
2
2 2
1
2 h
y h
x
P
V
particular x
Complete solution for the original problem is given by

Note: When b goes to infinity, the correction part goes to zero
( )
( )
+
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
z z
b b
n
x
e e y
e e
K
h
y h
x
P
V

) cos( 1
2
2
2 2
N-S Equation: Other examples
To determine the velocity profile in a rectangular channel, where the
top plate is moving at a constant velocity of V-zero, under steady state
conditions
Try out a solution of the form V-parallel-plate + V-correction
Use separation of variable techniques, to determine V-correction
What happens if you try separation of variable in the first place?
To determine the unsteady state solution for a flow in a cylindrical
pipe, caused by sudden application of pressure
Try a solution of the form Steady state + Transient, just like the
one we saw for flow between parallel plates
You will get Bessel Equations. Just like we represented
functions in rectangular coordinates by sine and cosine functions,
we can represent functions in cylindrical co ordinates by Bessel
functions, because they are orthogonal.

Navier-Stokes Equation: Newtonian Fluid

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Navier-Stokes Equation: Newtonian Fluid

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IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

Method employed: Find a particular solution satisfying above

Note: Check that the above solution is a valid particular solution

Equating the co-efficients, we get

Complete solution for the original problem is given by

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