Fugacity and Phase Click to edit Rule Master subtitle style

Presentors: Hafsa Iqbal che-136 Aisha Farid che-135 Anam Maqsood che-134
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Fugacity
Its

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a measure of the tendency of a component of a liquid mixture to escape, or vaporize, from the mixture. The composition of the vapor form of the mixture, above the liquid, is not the same as that of the liquid mixture; it is richer in the molecules of that component that has a greater tendency to escape from the liquid phase.

Fugacity and activity

G.N

Lewis showed how non ideal systems may be handled without discarding the simple free energy equations deduced for ideal systems. To do this he introduced 2 new thermodynamics quantity. fugacity activity

1. 2. 3/10/13

Consider a system composed of

Fugacity F=F

in terms of standard state:

+ RTlnf/f

f/f=a F= a

F + RT ln a

= activity

Free

energy per mole of any substance at temp T can be written in standard state.the standard state

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Standard state of gases

As

the standard state of a gas at any given temperature is taken the state in which the fugacity is equal to unity ,namely ,f=1 an ideal gas the fugacity is equal to the pressure .since ,however any gas can be brought into an ideal state by reducing its pressure to zero.

For

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Heterogeneous equilibria
Its

the one established in a system in which more than a single phase appears, as equilibrium between solid and gas, solid and liquid or solid and solid.

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Phase Rule
A

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rule stating that the number of degrees of freedom in a material system at equilibrium is equal to the number of components minus the number of phases plus the constant 2. For example, the system of water vapor, liquid water, and solid ice has zero degrees of freedom because the three phases of vapor, liquid, and solid coexist in the one

Explanation
All

heterogeneous equilibrium can be treated from a unified stand point by means of a principle called the phase rule. Its is used to merely fixed the no of variables involved but the quantitative relations among the variables must be establish through supplementary expressions.

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Triple point

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True equilibrium
q

A state is said to be exist in a system when the same state can be realized by approach from either direction , true equilibrium is attained when the free energy content of the system is at a minimum for a given values of the variables

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Meta stable equilibrium

Water

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at -5C is aid to be in state of meta stable equilibrium. Such a state is only realized only by careful approach from one direction and may be preserved provided the system is not subjected to sudden shock ,stirring or seeding by solid phase .as soon as a crystal of ice is introduced ,solicitation occurs sets in rapidly and the temp rises to OC.

Unstable equilibrium
It

is said to exist when the approach to equilibrium in a system is so slow that the system appears to undergo no change with time. it represents the state of least partial stability does not involve any equilibrium at all but a process of slow change.

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Number of components
Its

a system of the smallest numbers of independently variable constituents .

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Gibbs free energy

Gibbs

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free energy combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value. The change of free energy is equal to the sum of its enthalpy plus the product of the temperature and entropy of the system. G can also predict the direction of the chemical reaction. If G is positive then the reaction is non-spontaneous. If it is negative, then it is spontaneous.

inroduction
In

1875, Josiah Gibbs introduced a thermo-dynamic quantity combining enthalpy and entropy into a single value called Gibbs free energy. This quantity can be defined as: H-TS U+PV-TS

G= G=

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U = internal energy (SI unit: joule)

Degree of freedom
Degree

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of freedom or the variance of the system is meant to be the smallest number of independent variables ( such as pressure temperature ,concentration) that must be specified in order to define completely the number of variables of the system. Example, In order to specify the density of liquid, it is necessary to state also the

Explanation of gibbs free energy

If

this number of equations are equal to the number of variables ,the system is completely defined. But generally it will not the case and the no of variables axceeds the number of equations by F where, no of variables-no of equations [P(C-1)+2] [C(P-1)] C P+2

F=
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