CHAPTER 4:

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Prepared By: Miss Fatimah Sani UNIMAS Biotechnology Resources

INTRODUCTION
The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism is known as metabolism Metabolic pathways - series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction. The chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, so the metabolic pathways present in an organism depend on the enzymes present in the organism.

METABOLISM

ANABOLISM

CATABOLISM

Simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules

Breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances

Require energy

Release energy

Needed in small amounts

Biological catalysts

Not changed or destroyed

Highly specific

Proteins

(general characteristics)

ENZYMES

Require cofactors

ENZYMES
Enzymes are __________ which ______ the rate of biochemical reactions in the body. Highly ______. Catalyze only a single reaction or one kind of substrate Specific site (______- which only bind to specific substrate) Can be inhibited by ______ Require cofactors to function Needed in minute amounts Enzyme names usually end in ase (eg: lactase)

 Enzymes are biological catalyst which increase the rate of biochemical reactions in the body. Highly specific. Catalyze only a single reaction or one kind of substrate Specific site (active site - which only bind to specific substrate) Can be inhibited by inhibitors Require cofactors to function Needed in minute amounts Enzyme names usually end in ase (eg: lactase)

INTRACELLULAR ENZYME

EXTRACELLULAR ENZYME

Produced and retained in the cell itself

Secreted from the cell

MECHANISM OF ENZYME REACTION

An enzyme has a cleft in its surface called the active site In the lock and key theory, the substrate (key) fits into the active site of the enzyme (lock) producing enzymesubstrate complex

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

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ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the substrate
Joins

Substrate

Enzyme

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ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

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ACTIVE SITE
A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate.
Active Site

Substrate

Enzyme

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WHAT AFFECTS ENZYME ACTIVITY?

Factors Effects to the enzyme Optimum pH Fast reaction pH Extreme pH (acidic/alkaline) no reaction Graph

Temperature

Reaction decrease / slow Increase ( reach optimum temp.) Beyond the optimum temperature denatured (irreversible)
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Factors

Effects to the enzyme

Graph

Substrate concentration

Reaction rate increases in direct proportion to the substrate concentration

Enzyme concentration

Reaction rate increases in direct proportion to the enzyme concentration until maximum rate is achieved

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THE USES OF ENZYME IN DAILY LIFE

Type of industry/ application Food processing Eg: meat products Textile products Detergent manufacturing

Enzyme used

Uses

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