System Analysis and Design

Introduction to System Analysis and Design

Learning Objectives

Explain systems development tools, including modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools Discuss and distinguish between system development methodologies Explain systems development methods, RAD, JAD Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented methodology Discuss how to use appropriate system development method

System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD

Introduction
There are several tools and techniques to build information systems, to choose the appropriate one to build your system, you must study them first and knows their uses. Methodology is an approach, a method or a technique for developing information systems. The methodology defines a method and a way of developing an information system, guiding planners in the desired working method.
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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems. Systems analysts work with these tools in a team environment, where input from users, managers, and IT staff contributes to the system design.
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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Modeling

Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that system developers can analyze, test, and modify. Modeling Used to describe and simplify an information system: Business model or Requirements model

Data model

Describes the information that a system must provide. Describes the data structure and design.

Object model

Network model

Describes objects, which combine data and processes. Describes the design and protocols of telecommunication links

Process model

Modeling techniques, including data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams, and unified modeling language diagrams.
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Describes the logic that programmers use to write code modules

Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Prototyping Prototyping tests system concepts and provide an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interface before final decisions are made. Early working version of an information system

Pros
Speeds up the development process significantly Users interact with Prototype very quickly Users can identify needed changes and refine real requirements

Cons
Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood Initial Design decisions may be poor
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System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD

Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools

Also called computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses powerful software, called CASE tools, to help systems analysts develop and maintain information systems. Framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies
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Methodologies in the development of information systems

Bottom up

A formalized approach to implementing the SDLC As the base for the information system, this approach uses the organizations operational level. The starting point is that, the operational level constitutes the core of the organization. The information requirements of the intermediate and management levels will be supplied by the various processing stages of operational level data. Using this approach, studying the needs and planning of the future system will be prepared initially for the operational level.
System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD

A series of steps and deliverables

Methodologies in the development of information systems

Top Down
This

approach uses the organizations management level as the base for the information system. The definition of its requirements and the system goals are dictated by the organizations management.

System Analysis and Design Introduction to SAD

Methodologies in the development of information systems

Integrated Approach

This approach combines both methods, with the aim of benefiting from both the Bottom Up and the Top Down approaches. With this approach, the initial planning is carried out by the Top Down method The planning of the systems themselves (subsystems) is performed using the Bottom Up approach in order to ensure proper planning, based on operational level requirements.
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Methodologies in the development of information systems

Structured Analysis
Structured analysis is a set of techniques and graphical tools that allow the analyst to develop a new kind of system specification that are easily understandable to the user. Analysts work primarily with their wits, pencil and paper. [Kendall 1996] Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically The availability of CASE tools in the 1990s enabled analysts to develop and modify the graphical SASD models.

[1]

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Methodologies in the development of information systems

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

O-O analysis combines data & processes into things called objects O-O analysis uses object models to represent data and behavior, and to show how objects affect other objects By describing the objects (data) and methods (processes) needed to support business operation, a system developer can design reusable components that allow faster system implementation and decreased development cost

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Methodologies in the development of information systems

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

objects combine data and processes. Object are the end product of object-oriented analysis. Object is a member of a class Class is a collection of similar objects Objects possess characteristics called properties Properties inherits from the object class or possesses on its own In O-O design, built-in processes called methods can change an objects properties Object can send information to anther object by using a message A message requests specific behavior or information from another object
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Methodologies in the development of information systems

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis

[1] The PERSON class includes INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT objects, which have their own properties and inherited properties.
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Methodologies in the development of information systems

Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development

JAD The basic idea behind JAD is to bring structure to the requirements determination phase of analysis and to the reviews that occur as a part of design. Team based fact finding Users, Managers and Analysts work together for several days System requirements are reviewed Structured meetings
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Methodologies in the development of information systems

RAD created to radically decrease the time needed to design and implement information systems. RAD relies on extensive user involvement.
CASE tools JAD sessions Fourth generation/visualization programming languages Code generators
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Incorporate special techniques and tools: