Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Yves VIDAL UMTS Product Line Management

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Presentation Outline
Network Architecture
Phase 1 (2001) Phase 2 (2002+)

Radio Interface
Multiple access schemes versus CDMA W-CDMA technology (Spreading Spectrum) Mechanisms to optimize performances Limits Code planning versus Frequency planning

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Network Architecture (2001 - ongoing Phase 1)

ACCESS NETWORK UTRAN (ATM Based)
Radio Site

OMC R
RNC
Radio Network Controller

Core Network
(GSM/GPRS NSS Based)
HLR

Radio Site

Iub

ATM Concentrator

Node B Node B
Iub

ATM

(G)MSC & TCU

Iu
A

MAP MAP CAP MAP MAP

Uu

Iur

Iu
SGSN

CAP

Node B
Radio Site

Iub

GGSN

Camel Service Environment

RNC Iu
ATM

Gb

Gn

Iub

Node B
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

OMC B
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Iu, Iub, Iur and Uu: open interfaces

Network Architecture (2002+ - Phase 2)

ACCESS NETWORK UTRAN (ATM Based)
Radio Site

OMC R
RNC
Radio Network Controller

Core Network
(Packet Network)
OAMP Billing
IN

Radio Site

Iub

ATM Concentrator

PSTN/TDM Gateway UMTS SMG Call Server HLR Mobility (Spectrum) Succession Manager

Node B Node B
Iub

ATM

Iu

Uu

Iur

Iu
UTRAN Gateway
VHE Server Application Servers/Services Contivity GGSN /Packet Gateway

Node B
Radio Site

Iub

RNC Iu
ATM

Iub

Node B
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

OMC B
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Nortel Vision = Optimized Packet Core Network

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Multiple Access Schemes

Power

FDMA (analog)
Power

TDMA (digital)

30 KHz

Time Frequency User 5 User 4 User 3 User 2 User 1

Time User 4 User 3 User 2 User 1 User 4 User 3 User 2 User 1

200 KHz Frequency

A channel is identified by a carrier frequency

A channel is identified by a carrier frequency and a Time Slot assignment. The channel is the set of TS intervalls used by the communication
Power

FTDMA (GSM)
Power

CDMA (IS95, 3G)

Time Frequency

Time

Frequency

User 1 & 2 & 3 & ...

A channel is identified by a carrier frequency and a code per user 4

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Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access

Key Notions

Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access technology

to provide Speech, LCD and UDD services

implementing
FDD or TDD modes On Physical Channels

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Performances
Soft and softer Handover to improve quality
A mobile is listened by several BTS simultaneously User traffic is taken in charge instantaneously by the new BTS (data
is then encoded with another code)

Power Control
Fast power control to optimize capacity (number of users) Power Interferences Capacity

Limits
DL limits: UMTS cell capacity constrained by the number of active
users and the maximum power available at the BTS Key mechanism to optimize cell capacity = Power control algoritm

UL limits: trade-off between coverage (cell radius) and guaranteed

data service in the cell CDMA link budget expertise and receiver performances
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 Northern Telecom - Confidential Information - may not be copied or disclosed without permission

Code Planning (UMTS) Versus Frequency Planning (GSM)

1

W-CDMA distinguishes users

by codes, the same channel can be deployed in adjacent cells. Prefered configuration for initial deployments Every UMTS cell site can use the same 5 MHz band . N = 1 Reuse Channel reuse problem encountered in GSM is eliminated. Greatly simplifies frequency planning in a fully W-CDMA environment.

UMTS: N=1 Means Minimal Frequency Planning is Required

1 1 1

1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 6 4

CELL 1
7 5 6 CELL 1 4 4 2 3

7
2

GSM N=7 Reuse Pattern

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Thank you !

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Multiple Access

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Multiple Access
Simultaneous Private Use Of An Unique Radio Channel By Multiple Independent Users
Channel #i = [FMS(UL), FBTS(DL=UL+duplex spacing)] (Paired Spectrum) Or Channel #i = [FMS(UL), FBTS(= FMS)] (Unpaired Spectrum)

Channel #i

Channel #i

Channel #i
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Multiple Access
Near Far Problem
The User 1 is an interferer for the User 2 The User 2 is an interferer for the User 1 The two signals are not synchronised and the codes are not completely orthogonal without power control the base station cannot discriminate the two signals

Channel #i
User 2

Channel #i

User 1
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Multiple Access
IMT-2000 Spectrum
1850 1900
1885 MHz

Unpaired Spectrum

1950

2000

2050

2100
2110 MHz

2150

2200
2170 MHz
MSS

2250

2010 MHz

ITU

IMT 2000
1920 MHz

MSS

IMT 2000
2025 MHz

Europe

GSM 1800 DECT TDD

1805 MHz 1880 MHz

UMTS
FDD

MSS

TDD

UMTS
FDD

MSS

1980 MHz

1990 MHz

2160 MHz
Broadcast auxiliary Reserve

USA

PCS
A D B E F C A D B EF C

MSS

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

Paired Spectrum
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Code Division

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Code Division
User distinguishes By Codes
Cscramb Cch : Scrambling Code (distinguishes Cells and Mobile Users) : Channelization Code (distinguishes one Communication Channel direction)

Cscramb
Cscramb Cch Cscramb
Channel #i

Sector 2

Sector 1

Sector 3

Cscramb Cch

Channel #i

Cscramb Cch

Channel #i
Cscramb
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Code Division
Uplink And Downlink Are Different !
Physical Data/Control Channels Scrambling Code (Short PN Code)

S/P

Cch,i
Channelization Code (OVSF)

cos ( t) p(t)

Cscramb
I+jQ

p(t) *j sin (t)

Downlink (BSMS)
Physical Data Channels Scrambling Code (Long PN Code)

Downlink: two bits are transformed into 1 complex symbol SF = Chip Rate/ (2 symbol rate)

Cch,i
Physical Control Channel
Channelization Code (OVSF)

cos ( t) p(t)

Cscramb
I+jQ

p(t)

*j
sin (t)

Uplink (MSBS)
Uplink:

Cch,i

one bit is mapped on the I part of the modulation SF = Chip Rate/(symbol rate)
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Code Division
Scrambling And Channelization Codes Channelization codes (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) In DL and UL, one Cch assigned by user (handset). To spread (Spreading Factor SF) user data rate to the system chip
rate. To preserve the orthogonality between user s different physical channels OVSF codes defined using a code tree.

Where each level in the tree defines a channelization code of length SF. A code can be assigned if and only if no other code on the path from specific code to the root of the tree or in sub-tree below the specific code is already used by an another user.

Scrambling codes (Gold & Very Large Kasami Codes)

In DL, one Cscramb assigned by cell (BTS sector). In UL, one Cscramb assigned per mobile user. To reduce interference between different physical channels and
users.
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Code Division
Multipath RAKE Receiver
[D(t-0).C(t-0)+D(t-1).C(t-1)] .C(t-0) = D(t-0) RX Delay (0)

D(t-0).C(t-0)
C(t-0) D(t) TX D(t-1).C(t-1) C(t) [ D(t-0).C(t-0)+ D(t-1).C(t-1)] .C(t-1) = D(t-1) RX C(t-1)

Delay (1)

( +) D(t)

RX C(t-n)

Delay (n)

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Code Division
Transmission Chain For One User
Voice calls Data calls
Sampling Multipleing data with same QoS Multipleing data with same QoS Multipleing data with same QoS Bit Rate 8.8 (voice) 64 to 2048 kbps (data) Channel Coding 1st Interleaving Rate Matching

Channel Coding

1st Interleaving

Rate Matching

Multipleing data with different QoS

Signalling

Channel Coding

1st Interleaving

Rate Matching Physical Channel Segmentation

Baseband Processing

2d Interleaving 2d Interleaving Physical Channel Physical Channel Mapping Mapping

Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps

Symbol Rate 64 to 1024 scps Channelization Channelization (OVSF) (OVSF) Channelization Channelization (OVSF) (OVSF)

Power Amplification

Modulation & Transmission

I
S/P S/P

Scrambling (Short PN code)

Q
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Radio

Digital Radio

Mechanisms To Optimize Performances

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UMTS Performances
Soft And Softer Handover To Improve Quality
RNC

Best Frame Selection Node B Better Equalizer Throughput

Radio Site Radio Site

ATM Concentrator

Node B

Node B

Better Equalizer Throughput

(Bits combination)

Power gain (dB)

Radio Site

Radio Site

Diversity (TX/RX)

Softer Handover

Soft Handover

Soft Handover Softer Handover

Mechanisms to recover transmit data from mobile user

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UMTS Performances
Power control
Open Loop Power Control Access channel (the mobile is not connected) Outer Loop Power Control (communication quality target) RNC

Inner Loop Power Control (radio transmission quality)

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Limits

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UMTS Performances
DownLink Limits

BS Power Amplifier
50W

0W

MS1

MS2

MS3

MSi

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UMTS Performances
UpLink Limits
Lowest Despread Signal Eb/No Maximum Noise Floor (KTBdB+NFdB)

BS Receiver

Eb/No Processing Gain (x kbps) (x<y) Processing Gain (y kbps)

Receiver sensitivity (y kbps)

Receiver sensitivity (x kbps)

MS1

MS2

MS3

x kbps

x kbps Cell Breathing y kbps

x kbps

MSi

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UMTS Performances
Limits
MACRO-CELL Vehicular 120 Km/h

UPLINK

DOWNLINK
The capacity is tuned by the power control: PBTS= pi where pi is the power given to user i at time t and PBTS the maximum available power at the BTS by multipath interferences

Capacity is constrained by the number of active users in a cell and the power allocation policy.

Circuit 384 Kbps: Packet 384 Kbps:

Maximum Coverage 3,5 km 4,25 km

Speech 8 Kbps 5,5 km (equivalent to Data 20-30 Kbps possibly more with high-power mobile)

Data Rate (Kbps) Max

Min
Distance from BTS

Basic Set of Assumptions (ETSI): Tri-Sector Macro-Cell Outdoor Vehicular 120 km/h environment MS-Power: 21 dBm for voice and 27 dBm for Data MS Gain: 2 dB for Data Terminal: Antenna Height: 40 m 50% load 25
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UMTS Physical Channels

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UMTS Physical Channels

FDD And TDD Channel
Power
Cch76

Time

Code Multiplex
UMTS USER 2
Cch15

DS-CDMA FDD

Cch31

UMTS USER 1
Cch15

Frequency
1920 MHz

5 MHz Uplink Spectrum

1980 MHz

2110 MHz

5 MHz Downlink Spectrum

2170 MHz

Duplex Spacing : 190MHz

Cch91

Power
Cch38 Cch61

Time

Cch25

DL UL DL

TD-CDMA TDD
5 MHz
1900 MHz or 2010 MHz

Code Multiplex & Time Division

UMTS USER 2 UMTS USER 1
Frequency

DL UL
625 ms

1920 MHz or 2025 MHz

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Services

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Services
LCD And UDD Services For FDD Bearers
Power
C74 C100

Time

User 3
UDD service

W-CDMA FDD
C11

C32

User 2
UDD service C15 C100

User 1
LCD service

Frequency

UL

DL

C25

LCD: Long Constrained Delay

Circuit connection emulation (for Speech service also) Code(s) allocated to the unique use of one user communication Fixed services: LCD64, LCD144, LCD384 and LCD2048

UDD: Unconstrained Delay Data

Packet connection (shared codes as GPRS has shared channels) Code(s) can be re-allocated to an another user during a communication Flexible data services (UDD64, UDD144, UDD384 and UDD2048 exist)
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Spreading Spectrum

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Spreading Spectrum
Notion
User 1 Symbol Rate (ksps) Code 1 (Ksps)

Fixed Chip Rate (kcps)

3.84 Mcps
User 2 Symbol Rate (ksps) (>User 1) Spreading Factor (SF)

Code 2 (length < code 1 length)

Chip rate = Symbol rate * SF

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Spreading Spectrum
Principle And Advantage (DS-CDMA) GSM
Bursted Mode

270 Kbit

200 KHz

W-CDMA
Processing Gain

X Code (OVSF)

CW Mode

3.84 Mcps

5 MHz
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Spreading Spectrum
Properties
OVSF code

A Narrow Band signal spread with a code is a spread signal. A spread signal is despread with the same spreading code.

NB

WB The processing gain = WB/NB OVSF code

A spread signal despread with the wrong code remains spread

OVSF code Narrow Band signal despread is a spread signal

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SPREADING SPECTRUM
Code Tree For Channelization Codes (OVSF)
(1,1,1,1)

(1,1)

Unusable
(1,1,-1,-1)

(1)
(1,-1,1,-1)

Unusable

(1,-1)
(1,-1,-1,1)
No Spreading Factor

Unusable SF = 4 SF = 16 SF = 32 SF = 64 SF = 128 SF = 256

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SF = 1

SF = 2

Spreading Spectrum
Mapping Of Bearers On Physical Channels
LCD64
UDD64
UDD64 Speech Speech

LCD64

UDD144 LCD64 UDD64 UDD144 LCD64 UDD64

UDD64

Speech

Speech

LCD144
UDD144 UDD384 LCD384 UDD384 LCD384

UDD64 UDD64

Speech Speech

Speech Speech

LCD144
LCD64 LCD144 UDD144

UDD64

Speech

Speech

UDD144 LCD64 UDD64 UDD144

UDD64 UDD64

Speech

Speech

Speech Speech

Speech Speech

UDD64

SF=4

SF=8

SF=16

SF=32

SF=64 SF=128 SF=256

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Spreading OVSF (Example)

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Spreading OVSF
Transmited Signal

USER 1 Code Cch1 (SF=16) USER 2 Code Cch2 (SF=4) Transmitted Signal (fixed Chip Rate) 1 -1

-1

-1

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Spreading OVSF
Data Extraction (Reception)

Received Signal

Code Cch2 (SF=4) Soft Bits

2 2 0 0 -2 -2 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 -2 -2 0 0 2 2 0 0

+
=4 = -4

+
=4

+
=4 = -4

+
=4

USER 2

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Spreading OVSF
Orthogonality
To (synchronisation)
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1

Cj
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1

Ck

-1 1

-1 1

-1 1

-1

=0

+
No correlation between codes. Cj presence does not affect Ck energy. If To not respected then no orthogonality ==> Interference
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Network Interfaces

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Network Interfaces
Non Access Stratum User and Control Planes
Control Plane User Plane Non Access Stratum (OSI 4-7) CM MM Gc Nt Dc
User Data

Transport Network User Plane

CM MM Gc Nt Dc
User Data

RANAP SCCP

RANAP SCCP MTP 3 AAL5 AAL 2 ATM ATM PHY Iu interface Core Network
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Access Stratum (OSI 1-3)

RRC

RRC MTP 3

MAC RLC MAC PHY Uu interface

MAC RLC MAC PHY

AAL5 AAL 2 ATM ATM PHY

User Equipment

Radio Access Network

Network Interfaces
Iu
Payload (IP)

GTP UDP IP AAL5 ATM MM-PS MM-PS SM SM

U-SGSN
Gn C-Plane IP

Session Management

RAN
RNC

GTP UDP IP Any L2 Any L1

PS Domain
G G S N
IP

Internet

RANAP SCCP MTP3b SAAL-NNI AAL5 ATM

or

RANAP SCCP SIGTRAN IP AAL5 ATM

Mobility Management

Intranets

Standards allow either stack at least for now.

RNC
DMTAP MM-CS

U-MSC
Call Control Mobility Management PSTN Interworking

RNC
Q.2630.1 MTP3b SAAL-NNI AAL5 ATM

RANAP SCCP MTP3b SAAL-NNI AAL5 ATM

CS Domain
PCM

PSTNs/ ISDNs

UMTS AMR AAL2 ATM

Voice Transcoding

Iu:

= Bearer Path (User-Plane or U-Plane) 42 = Transport Layer Signalling Path (Control-Plane or C-Plane) Presentation name - Date - 42 = Radio Network Layer Signalling Path

Network Interfaces
Uu
Non Access Stratum

Control Plane

User Plane

Access Stratum
L3
Logical Channels SAP (Service Access Point)

Gc

Nt

Dc

RRC (Radio Resource Control)

AM UM TR AM UM TR

RLC (Radio Link Control)

RLC
Dedicated Traffic Channel

L2

Logical Channels

Common Common Channel pCH

Dedicated Control Channel

MAC (Medium Access Control)

Transport Channels
Common CH Shared CH Dedicated CH ODMA CH

Channel coding

L1

Physical Data Channels Physical Control Channel

Common pCH

Shared pCH

Dedicated pCH

ODMA pCH

Spreading & Modulation

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Physical Channels

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Physical Channels
FDD & TDD Frame Structure
1 slot = 0,625 ms
Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #j Slot #16

10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips

Frame #0 Frame #1

Frame #i

Frame #71

720 ms Super Frame =72 frames*10ms

3.84 Mcps Chip Rate decreases the number of slots down to 15

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Physical Channels
Common Control pCHs (FDD)
10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips
Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #j Slot #16

1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 I&Q chips (downlink)

(256 chips)
Primary SpcCH (slot sync)

Sync pCH
Secondary SpcCH (frame sync)

Primary CCpdCH (1280 chips)

Primary CCpcCH (1024 chips) Primary CCpcCH (Pilot) Secondary CCpcCH (256 chips) Pilot

Primary CCpCH

Primary CCpdCH (BCH Data)

Secondary CCpdCH (2304 chips)

Secondary CCpCH

FACH or PCH Data

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Physical Channels
Random Access pCHs (FDD)
10 ms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.25 ms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

RACH preamble (RApcCH) I&Q

1 ms

RACH preamble (RApcCH) I&Q

Signature i

AICH answer (AIpcCH) I&Q I Q pilot

RACH Message Part (RApdCH+RApcCH) I+Q Data (Ndata bits)

Uplink (UE)

Signature i

Downlink (Cell)

Signature i

Rate Information

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Physical Channels
Dedicated pCHs (FDD)
10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips
Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #j Slot #16

1 slot = 0,625 ms Nbits=>Nsymbols*SF = 2560 chips

DpcCH
DpdCH

DpcCH

DpdCH

DpcCH

Downlink I&Q

TFCI
=Ntfci bits

Data1
Ndata1bits

TPC
Ntpc bits

Data2
Ndata2bits

Pilot
Npilot bits

DpdCH

Uplink

I + Q

Data
Ndatabits

Pilot
Npilot bits

TFCI
=Ntfci bits DpcCH

FBI
Nfbi bits

TPC
Ntpc bits

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Physical Channels
TDD Frame example
10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips
Common Dedicated Control pCH
TS#0 TS#1

Slot type (Time Division)

...

Dedicated Common Random Dedicated pCH Control Access pCH

TS#6 TS#7 TS#8 TS#9

...

Dedicated pCH
TS#15

1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 chips

RA CH

SCH

DCH1 DCH2 DCH3

DCH4

Channel assignment (Code Division)

SCH BCH FACH PCH

DCH1 DCH2
RA CH RA CH

DCH4

BCH FACH PCH

DCH3

RA CH

8-10 users per slot in downlink (Code Division)

Up to 8 users per slot in uplink (Code Division)

Up to 16 simultaneous RACH (Code Division+Time Division)

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Physical Channels
Random Access pCHs (TDD)
10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #15

1/2 slot =0,3125ms= 1280 I&Q chips (uplink)

Data Symbols (336 chips) Data Symbols (336 chips) RACH Data Guard period
96 chips

1/2 slot =0,3125ms= 1280 I&Q chips (uplink)

(512 chips) Midamble

512 chips

Access Burst 1

RACH Data

Extended Guard period

1280 chips

Data Symbols (336 chips)

(512 chips)

Data Symbols (336 chips) RACH Data Guard period

96 chips

Access Burst 2

Extended Guard period

1280 chips

RACH Data

Midamble
512 chips

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Physical Channels
Common Control pCHs (TDD)
10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #8 Slot #15

1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 I&Q chips (downlink)

(256 chips) (256 chips)

Sync pCH

Toffset

Primary SpcCH (slot sync)

Tgap

Secondary SpcCH (frame sync)

Data Symbols (976 chips)

(512 chips) Midamble

512 chips

Data Symbols (976 chips) BCH/FACH/PCH Data Guard period

96 chips

CCpCH (over burst 1)

BCH/FACH/PCH Data

Data Symbols (1104 chips)

(256 chips)
Midamble
256 chips

Data Symbols (1104 chips)

BCH/FACH/PCH Data Guard period
96 chips

CCpCH (over burst 2)

BCH/FACH/PACH Data

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Physical Channels
Burst structure (TDD)
1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 I&Q chips 1/2 slot = 0,315 ms = 1280 I&Q chips
Data symbols*SF 976 chips Midamble
512 chips

Burst type 1

Data Symbols*SF
976 chips

Guard period 96 chips

Burst type 2

Data symbols*SF
1104 chips

Midamble
256 chips

Data Symbols*SF
1104 chips

Guard period 96 chips

Data*SF 336 chips

Midamble
512 chips

Data*SF 336 chips

Guard period 96 chips

1/2 Burst (pos 1 &2)

Data*SF 336 chips

Midamble
512 chips

Data*SF 336 chips

Guard period 96 chips

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