Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2013 EDITION
Historical Review Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis John S. Marr* and Charles H. Calisher
Patient characteristics Onset of final illness May 29, 323 BC Death June 10, 323 BC Escalating fever associated with chills Excessive thirst, diaphoresis Acute abdominal pain Single episode of back pain at onset of fever Increased weakness leading to prostration with intermittent periods of energy Delirium Aphonia Terminal flaccid paralysis
Microorganisms
Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen
without a microscope
Bacteria are the smallest living organisms Viruses are smaller but are not alive
The Prokaryotes
Only two groups Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Arose before the eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Characteristics
No membrane-bound nucleus Single chromosome Cell wall in most species Prokaryotic fission Metabolic diversity
pilus
bacterial flagellum
DNA
ribosomes in cytoplasm
Bacterial Shapes
coccus
bacillus
spirillum
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria Habitats
Eubacteria
Includes most familiar bacteria Have fatty acids in plasma membrane Most have cell wall; always includes peptidoglycan Classification based largely on metabolism
Metabolic Diversity
Bacterial Genes
Bacteria have a single chromosome
Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes Can be passed from one cell to another
Prokaryotic Fission
Conjugation
antibiotics. Rapid action by clinicians and healthcare leaders is needed to stop the rise of lethal CRE infections.
and consists of more than 200 species of bacteria. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
vertebrates E. coli does not normally infect us Many benefits: vitamin K and the B complex are produced by E. coli prevent colonization by pathogens stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies
hamburger incidents Both made national news when many people became ill and some died.
waters of all kinds may indicate a problem with sewage and or farm runoff.
E. coli Photos
EM cells
Culture plate
Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of children sickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's White Water park, has been settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday. The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whose symptoms were among the most severe of the 26 children sickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-court settlement. The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents
http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm
http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/strep1.jpg
Unexpected Consequences
One weekend in June of 1998 while Cassie Moore
was camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either, she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore, 1999).
edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Warning!
The next two slides are very graphic. They show the
Severe Case
http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Amputee
number of drinking water systems on domestic and foreign commercial aircraft tested this summer by the government did not meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday. (Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AM EDT (1446 GMT) )
Aeromonas Infections
infectious bacteria. Victims usually are infected in deep lacerations that are exposed to fresh water, either standing or running. Warning: This video has a series of graphic images which some my find disturbing. http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?fr=mymyy&ei=UTF8&c=2&p=aeromonas+infections&vid=44d6d34134 d23d40eefb5c25da19a8b4&dt=1336680021&l=25&t url=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fvideos
E. coli outbreak alarms Germany as young women sicken (BBC 25 May 2011)
Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli food
poisoning outbreak which is thought to have killed three people and may have infected hundreds more. Salads suspected health conscious women.
E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at German claims BBC 31 May 2011
Spain has expressed anger at links being made
Reaction to the cucumber crisis Country Germany Action Consumers told not to eat cucumbers, lettuces and raw tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coli confirmed; 14 deaths One death and 36 suspected E. coli infections, linked to travel in northern Germany. Top European cucumber producer - threatens to seek compensation from the European Union for lost vegetables sales Ban on all imports of cucumbers, tomatoes and fresh salad from Spain and Germany pending further notice Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Ban on sale of cucumbers, tomatoes and aubergines imported via Germany Reported to have banned cucumber imports from Spain Halted all cucumber shipments to Germany Testing cucumbers for
Sweden
Spain
Russia
Czech Republic
France
Austria
Belgium
Netherlands Denmark
sprouts are the most likely connection between the outbreaks of E. coli O104:H4 in France and Germany, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EC reported Wednesday http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/06/egyptian-fen
contaminated with the deadly E.coli bacteria which has caused a rampaging outbreak in Europe are still believed to be on sale. The EU has belatedly announced a blanket ban on more imports. 4000 ill; 51 dead July 6, 2011 Posted in: Health News
http://www.ygoy.com/2011/07/06/suspected-egyptian-
sprout-seeds-still-on-sale/
at their cores.
The find lends credence to the "bio-precipitation" idea, which suggests
that bacteria are actively involved in stimulating precipitation. The bacteria have protein coatings that cause water to freeze at relatively warm temperatures.
The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which are
Dr. Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.
Preventing Septis
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/university-of-chicago/
Salmonella
FOODBORNE ILLNESS
Characteristics of Salmonella
Gram negative Rod shaped (bacillus) Non-spore forming Motile (many flagella) Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of many
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
Gram Staining
Laboratory staining protocol developed to help identify bacteria Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial
culture
Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retain
Gram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they
do not retain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-gj_UHM&fea
A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive cocci) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacilli)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining
bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small to be seen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are the most common in the United States and account for half of all human infections. Strains that cause no symptoms in animals can make people sick, and vice versa. If present in food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell, or appearance of the food. The bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.
dex.asp
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/in
Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella.
Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.
losis/
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonel
Deaths
About 142,000 (reported) Americans are
infected each year with Salmonella enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die.[18] The shell of the egg may be contaminated with salmonella by feces or environment (common), or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shell or from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminate the egg during egg formation (unlikely). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
chicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been linked to a salmonella outbreak that prompted the recall of more than a half billion contaminated eggs, U.S. regulators said on Thursday.
By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET
CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs are being sent to egg processing facilities, along with fresh ones that infected hens are still producing. The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used in products like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA says it's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk to consumers. http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835
published a new study that says the overprescribing of antibiotics could be making us fat! Researchers fed infant mice low doses of penicillin; after 30 weeks, penicillin-fed mice were between 10 and 15 per cent bigger and twice as fat as drug-free mice. This affirms research from Copenhagen which found that infants given antibiotics within the first six months of life were more likely to be overweight at age 7, even if their mother was of a healthy weight.
http://www.anh-usa.org/antibiotics-may-be-contributing-to-the-obesity-
epidemic/
beneficial health benefits outside their inherent nutritional effects. There is a growing body of evidence for the role of probiotics in gastrointestinal infections, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.[3][4] Lactobacillus species are used for the production of yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, kimchi, chocolate and other fermented foods, as well as animal feeds such as silage. In recent years, much interest has been shown in the use of lactobacilli as probiotic organisms and their potential for disease prevention in humans and
[3][6]
are used in the food industry to relieve and treat many intestinal disorders. Bifidobacteria exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.[4][6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology#Probioti cs
Virus
Noncellular infectious agent Consists of protein wrapped around a nucleic
acid core Cannot reproduce itself; can only be reproduced using a host cell
Helical virus
Polyhedral virus
lipid envelope; proteins span the envelope, line its inner surface, spike out above it
material and protein Viral nucleic acids and proteins are assembled New viral particles are released from cell
Lytic Pathway
Lysis
Assembly
Lysogenic Pathway
Latent period extends the cycle Viral DNA becomes part of host chromosome for a time
Translation Proteins
Assembly
Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses Polio hepatitis A (HA) Massive virus discovered in water tower
PORT CANAVERAL, Florida (CNN) -- Sunny skies greeted the Disney cruise ship Magic as it docked here early Saturday, carrying 195 sick passengers and crew members. Norwalk virus. (2002)
Tower
The largest virus ever discovered has been found in a water-cooling tower in Bradford, England. It was lurking inside single-celled organisms called amoebae, but its discoverers believe that it may also be capable of infecting humans.
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993559
Polio
Small water-food borne RNA virus In about 1% of the infected population, the virus
attacks and kills motor neurons This results in various degrees of paralysis
http://www.rednova.com/news/stories/2/2003/04/29/story004.html
Polios Effects
http://cha.state.md.us/edcp/html/polio.html
http://www.bret.org.uk/nec2.htm
Persons at Risk
Household contacts of infected persons Sex contacts of infected persons Persons, especially children, living in areas with
increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 1987-1997. Persons traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common Men who have sex with men Injecting and non-injecting drug users
Red> 20
The HA World
TRANSMISSION
HAV is found in the stool (feces) of persons with
hepatitis A. HAV is usually spread from person to person by putting something in the mouth (even though it may look clean) that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A.
Prevention
Hepatitis A vaccine is the best protection. Short-term protection against hepatitis A is
available from immune globulin. It can be given before and within 2 weeks after coming in contact with HAV. Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, changing a diaper, and before preparing and eating food.
Vaccination
Travelers to areas with increased rates of hepatitis
A Men who have sex with men Injecting and non-injecting drug users Persons with clotting-factor disorders (e.g. hemophilia) Persons with chronic liver disease Children living in areas with increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 19871997.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/fact.htm
http://www.apotheke-im-globus-wachau.de/Service/reis http://www.webcolombia.com/health/hepatitis/sintomas.jpg
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) Chi-Chi's, the chain of Mexican restaurants, may have served its last chimichanga. Outback Steakhouse Inc. this week closed on its $42.5 million deal for the rights to 76 restaurants in the Chi-Chi's chain, which was beleaguered by bankruptcy and a hepatitis outbreak.
http://www.washtimes.com/business/20040922-091157-9257r.htm
winter. Winters in New York are four times less humid than in summer. In Minnesota, humidity can drop five-fold. Linking the flu to absolute humidity could help health workers prepare for outbreaks.
Molecular Mechanism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2Ouxl_GNjA&feat
Viroids
Smaller than viruses Strands or circles of RNA No protein-coding genes No protein coat Cause many plant diseases
PSTV
Most known viroids cause diseases in plants. The first viroid was discovered in 1971, by Diener.
It's called the potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV), Contains a single loop of RNA Relies wholly on enzymes all ready in the host cell
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/subcellular.html#Viroids
Vegetable MD Online
Cornell University Ag School
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Potatoes/PotatoViruses/PotatoVirusfs1.jpg
Prions
Small proteins Linked to human diseases Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Animal diseases Scrapie in sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
officials sent warning letters to more than 500 surgery patients at the school's medical center after a brain surgery patient tested positive for a fatal disease similar to the human version of mad cow disease. Chances of infection are very low, said Dr. William Bornstein, chief quality officer for Emory Healthcare. "By using modern sterilization, this has never been transmitted," he said.
http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Living/ap20041001_1791.html
Have a nucleus and organelles Have proteins associated with DNA Use microtubules in a cytoskeleton,
spindle apparatus, and cilia and flagella May contain chloroplasts May divide by mitosis and meiosis
Major Lineages
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Red algae Brown algae Green algae Golden algae Diatoms
Mix or Both
Euglenoids Dinoflagellate
Animal-Like Protistans
Informally known as protozoans May resemble single-celled heterotrophic
protistans that gave rise to animals Include predators, parasites, and grazers
Sarcodina - Amoeboid protozoans Ciliphora - Ciliated protozoans Mastigophora - Animal-like flagellates Apicomplexa - Parasitic heterotrophs such as
the sporozoans
Naked Amoebas
Change shape constantly Move by means of pseudopods Most are free-living cells that engulf their prey Some are symbionts in animal guts A few are opportunistic pathogens
Amoeba
Amoeba
Video: Amoeba
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn1aSz36Ra0&list=
(CNN) -- An unidentified 12-year-old died Friday after being infected with an amoeba while swimming in a Florida lake. The boy had meningeal encephalitis -- a combination of meningitis and encephalitis, which causes the brain to swell, according to Dr. Jaime Carrizosa, an infectious disease specialist from Florida Hospital in Orlando. Carrizosa had treated the boy.
http://www.rense.com/general27/oom.htm
Amoeba Video
http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside
Foraminiferans
Shells of silica
Foraminiferan
A living heliozoan
Ciliated Protozoans
Phylum Ciliphora All heterotrophs Arrays of cilia allow
Hypotrich
gullet
Ciliate Conjugation
Most ciliates have two different nuclei
(conjugation)
Paramecium Conjugation
Video: Ciliates
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=YGZP
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk&featu
Animal-Like Flagellates
Phylum Mastigophora Move by means of flagella All are heterotrophs
Free-living species in freshwater and marine habitats Many are internal parasites
Undulating membrane
mitochondrion
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted
disease (STD), although transmission by other routes (such as soiled towels) has been documented.
asymptomatic.
Dinoflagellates
Red Tide
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=eFY7
Amazing blue glowing waves at La Jolla Shores beach caused by the red tide that hit San Diego on September 29, 2011. The bright blue color is caused by bioluminescence from an algae bloom. The algae is red in the day, hence the name Red Tide, but glows a bright blue at night when agitated, such as when a wave breaks. It's a really awesome sight to see.... when people swim in the water, the entire water around them glows blue. Truly amazing!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=Py-J
Sporozoans
Parasitic Complete part of the life cycle inside specific
different hosts
Many cause serious human disease
Cryptosporidium
Toxoplasma
Cysts may be ingested with raw or undercooked
meat Exposure to cysts from cat feces Symptoms are usually mild in people with normal immune function Infection during pregnancy can kill or damage the embryo
Malaria
Symptoms have been known for more than
2,000 years
Most prevalent in tropical and subtropical
parts of Africa
Kills a million Africans each year Caused by four species of Plasmodium Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
sporozites
suggests 1.24 million people died from the mosquito-borne disease in 2010. This compares to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimate for 2010 of 655,000 deaths. But both the new study and the WHO indicate global death rates are now falling. The rise in malaria deaths up to 2004 is attributed to a growth in populations at risk of malaria, while the decline since 2004 is attributed to "a rapid scaling up of malaria control in Africa", supported by international donors.
is the most common form of leishmaniasis. It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by sandfly bites. There are about 20 species of Leishmania that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries. Wkipedia
Euglenoids
Phylum Euglenophyta Free-living flagellated cells that live in
freshwater Majority are photoautotrophs Some are heterotrophs that feed on dissolved organic compounds Sewage pollution indicator organisms
mitochondrion pellicle
Video: Euglena
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHZZKwrYm4g
Video: Euglena - 2
http://www.uga.edu/caur/patres.html
Chrysophytes
Mixed Diatoms
Diatom Characteristics
Cell wall is composed of silica Two valves (halves) similar to a Petri dish Golden/green in color Important primary producers in both marine and
freshwater ecosystems
Video: Diatoms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVI-P0AWDd4&fea
Green Algae
Nuclear fusion
Meiosis, germination
Conjugating Spirogyra
Green Technology
From the History Channel
http://www.history.com/shows/modern-marvels/videos