GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMO)

By: Villamor, Daryl Erwin S. Esguera, Eric Villares, Geran

DEFINITION..
is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals. the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods other than food.

..any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
HISTORY.. Paul Berg-> an American
biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University.

his pioneering work involving recombinant DNA, the process of inserting DNA from another species into a molecule, leading to the development of modern genetic engineering.

USES..
biological and medical research.
Example: recombinant hepatitis B vaccine produced by GM bakers yeast to injectable insulin (for diabetics) produced in GM Escherichia coli bacteria.

 production of pharmaceutical drugs. Example: sperm icidal corn to be used as a mass contraceptive.

experimental medicine. Example: gene therapy- an idea that DNA can be used to supplement or alter genes within an individual's cells as a therapy to treat disease.

 and agriculture.
Example: golden rice, resistance to herbicides.

PLANTS
TRANSGENIC PLANTS plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colors in plants, and to create different crops. BLUE ROSE-> ( actually a lavender or Mauve)

GM CROPS..
genetically engineered crops are created to possess several desirable traits, such as resistance to pests, herbicides, or harsh environmental conditions, improved product shelf life, increased nutritional value, or production of valuable goods such as drugs (pharming).

Benefits of Genetic Engineering and Modifying

1. Higher yielding crops, more efficient use of land 2. Can save money and promote higher profits 3. Longer shelf life, less waste Example// Tomatoes from genetically modified seeds stay fresh longer. 4. Enhanced taste and quality 5. Reduced maturation time

Benefits of Genetic Engineering and Modifying

6.Increased and improved nutrients and stress tolerance - A single gene genetically engineered into cauliflower can increase production of beta-carotene 100 times. - A gene can be implanted into a soybean upgrading the soy protein to a quality equal to that of milk. - Corn can be modified to contain its two limiting amino acids, lysine or tryptophan 7. Improved resistance to disease or illness - Foods can be enhanced with phytochemicals that help maintain health and reduce the risks of chronic disease. 8. Improved crop resistance to disease, pests, weeds and herbicides 9. New products and growing techniques - Individuals allergic to milk may be able to buy milk that has been treated with the lactase enzyme (Whiney, 2002). - Creating decaffeinated coffee beans are in a process of research.

Plants, including algae, jatropha, maize, and other plants have been genetically modified for use in producing fuel, known as biofuel. Bt toxin /Bacillus thuringiensis

- soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used

as a biological pesticide; alternatively, the Cry toxin may be extracted and used as a pesticide.

CISGENESIS
> is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene from a crossablesexually compatibleplant. > Or intragenesis, is a product designation for a category of genetically engineered plants. > genes are only transferred between closely related organisms.

MICROBES

>>Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the protein insulin to treat diabetes. Similar bacteria have been used to produce clotting factors to treat haemophilia, and human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism.

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