CHAPTER 2 War

War
What is war?
What is the cause of war? Who involve in war?
When and where is conducted war?

What is the outcome of war?

What should be done to abolish war?

Nature-----character-----conduct
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what is War ?
It is ---conducted between two or more forces with opposing interest It is an armed violence It is the continuation of politics by other means
Nature, character and conduct of war

Nature of War

Character of war /Who fights for what purpose/

Objective focus/countries coalition States governments

Conduct of war /How fight/

Technology Strategy Out come Types of war (Conventional /unconventional (guerrilla)

Danger Friction Uncertainty Fluidity Chaos Complex Physical, emotional, psychological influence Human factor is decisive

A. Nature of War

War as a unique social phenomenon It is: -

Danger Friction Uncertainty Fluidity Chaos Complex Physical, emotional, psychological influence Human factor is decisive
The nature of war does not change but the character and conduct of war will change

1. Danger
Violent Armed conflict Its out come /result is destruction/ catastrophic Death, sufferings, fears, courage /heroism The danger can be reduced through unit cohesion, training and increasing war efficiency.

2. Friction /Friction of Ideas

War is conducted between the thinking human beings. Its cause is antagonistic contradiction of interests There exists flow of information from area of operation Friction can be reduced through developing strength, experience based decision making, training etc

3. Uncertainty
1. It is difficult to achieve the desired end state 2. War is complex social phenomenon 3. Adversaries /belligerents/ enter in to war with inadequate (incomplete) some times deceived information 4. War is not Natural science 1. Continuous knowledge of belligerent /Enemy/ 2. Maintaining constant readiness 3. Improving leadership capacity

4. Fluidity
1. War require mental flexibility 2. There exists constant change of time weather enemy friendly situation 3. War does not flow strength but there 4. It requires close fallow up and appreciation of situations studying the nature and character of enemy and preparing oneself 5. Full of chaos all mentioned create chaos one has to be patient and wise in his deciding to win the battle.

6. War is complex
1. Diverse weapon systems, several units with their specific task and function involve 2. Requires coordination and synchronization of decisions to accomplish a single mission

7. Moral and psychological Factors

1. Morale is not a tangible aspect of war 2. The belief on the over all aim of war induces combatants to endure the war

8. The human factor plays decisive role 1. To shoulder all the burden of war and achieve desired end state / victory / human being is the decisive force.

The nature of war does not change but the character and conduct of war will change

Having just cause, developing efficient military theory,

and better technology play major role in winning war.

Conclusion
War as instrument of achieving political objectives War as complex full of chaos where death, suffering and excavation prevail War as armed conflict of antagonistically contradicting interests These are facts prevailing and may not be changed in future

2.3 Causes of war

Causes of war as proposed by various thinkers (observers) in different times;

Theological reasoning
Curse from the Creator

Genetic explanation
Aggressive behaviour of human beings

Psychologists explanation
Frustration

Misperception Misunderstanding Miscalculation Eritrea war of aggression on Ethiopia

Eritrea war of aggression on Ethiopia

DISCUSS THE CAUSE OF THE WAR

Sociologists explanation
Inability to solve contradicting interests in peaceful means Social division of classes as the only cause of war The emergence of social classes created rivalry on resources Abolishing classes difference is the only solution to end with war.

Other explanations on Causes of War

Immediate and Underlying Causes

Immediate/Proximate Cause; the events that trigger wars, they may be

trivial even accidental E.g. the spark igniting WWI (Assassination of Arcke Duke Ferdinand of Austria) Underlying cause; international circumstances that are not controlled and make pressure on states policies to get in to war.

Efficient and Permissive Cause

Efficient causes; are connected to the particular circumstances surrounding that
specific war. State A has something B wants, in this case the efficient cause of war is the desire of B. E.g. The cause of gulf war in 1990 was Sadams desire to acquire Kuwait

Permissive Cause; those features of the international system which while not actively promoting war, nevertheless allow it to happen.

Necessary and Sufficient Causes of War

Necessary condition for war is one that must be present if war is to occur. if war cannot break out without that condition existing, then it is a necessary condition. E.g existence of armaments, human beings organized in discrete collectives such as states, tribes, ethnic groups, group of nationsetc.
Sufficient cause; is one that if present, guarantees the occurrence of war. A is a

sufficient cause if B always occurs whenever A exists. E.g. If two states hate each other so much that neither tolerate the independent existence of the other, then that is sufficient cause to make war between them.
Cause of war can be sufficient without being necessary.

2.4 Types of war

Based on justification: - Just / unjust war

To justify the cause and purpose of war just and unjust nature/ characteristics of war is measured as follows

Ethics of War and Peace

Realism Power and security issues State should maximize self interest Pacifism War is always wrong Just War Theory War is sometimes fully moral International law

Just war theory Overview

Three principal areas: The just conditions for entering into a war.
When is it just to go to war?

The just conditions for conducting a war.

What are we permitted to do in carrying out a war and what is forbidden as unjust?

The just conditions of peace.

What are the conditions of peace that insure the just conclusion of a war?

Jus ad bellum: The Just Conditions for Going to War

Just cause Right intention Proper authority and public declaration Last resort Probability of success Proportionality

Just cause
Protection from external attack is the first and foremostand in the eyes of some, the only--just cause of war; based on the right of self-defence. Some have maintained the humanitarian intervention is also justified, where we go to war to save the lives of innocent people who are being attacked by an aggressor.

Right intention
The war must be pursued for a just cause. Unacceptable intentions:
Revenge Political expansion Land acquisition

Proper authority and public declaration Traditionally, only nations have the authority to declare war. Wars must be publicly declared, not pursued in secret. Question: Can terrorist groups be said to declare war? If not, is the response to terrorism really war?

Last resort
If there are other means of achieving the same objectives, such as negotiations or economic blockades, they should be pursued exhaustively first.

Probability of success
The rationale here is clear and simple: war is a great evil, and it is wrong to cause such killing, suffering, and destruction in a futile effort.
Question: what about countries that feel they are resisting evil even when there is little or no chance of success? For example, small European countries being invaded by the Nazis.

Proportionality
Are the possible benefits (especially in terms of a just peace) proportional to the death, suffering, and destruction that the pursuit of the war will bring about?

Jus in bello: The Just Conditions for Conducting a War Three principal conditions: 1. Discrimination 2. Proportionality 3. No means that are evil in themselves.

Discrimination
The key requirement here is to discriminate between those who are engaged in harm (soldiers) and those who are not (civilians).

Proportionality
One should only use the amount of force that is proportional to the (just) ends being sought.

No Means Evil in Themselves

Orend lists a number of means that count as evil in themselves.
mass rape campaigns; genocide or ethnic cleansing; torturing captured enemy soldiers; and using weapons whose effects cannot be controlled, like chemical or biological agents.

Jus post bellum: Creating a Just Peace

Brian Orend gives 5 conditions for a just peace: 1. Just cause for termination. 2. Right intention. 3. Public declaration and legitimate authority. 4. Discrimination. 5. Proportionality.

Just cause for termination

Orend: a reasonable vindication of those rights whose violation grounded the resort to war in the first place.
Unjust gains from aggression have been eliminated Victims rights reinstated Formal apology Acceptance of reasonable punishment

Right intention
Exclude or keep out motives such as revenge Prosecution of war crimes needs to be applied to all, not just the vanquished.

Public declaration and legitimate authority

This requirement is fairly straightforward and uncontroversial.

Discrimination
Differentiate between
Political and military leaders Military and civilian populations

Punish the elite responsible for prosecuting the war, not the uninvolved civilians.

Proportionality
The vanquished do not lose their rights
No witch hunts

Proportional to reasonable rights vindication

II. Based on the cause /reason

Civil war Colonial / anti colonial war National / patriotic war in defence the nation

III. Based on the purpose

Limited war Unlimited war

IV. Based on geographic coverage

WWI or WWII European War

V. Based on conduct of war

Conventional war Un conventional war

VI. Based on duration

Short duration E.g the six days war The thirty years war 1618-1648

VII. Based on the level of intensity

Low intensity war High intensity wars

VIII. Based on the place

Gulf war Korean war

IX. Based on the countries

EthioEritrean WarRusso-Japanese war..ETC

Outcome of war (result)

Death, injuries, destruction of properties Displacement / refugee / famine epidemics Destruction of infrastructures Depletion of societys economic, material and human resources. May bring solution to the cause or worsening the problem / aggravation the contradiction/ It may reduce or increase the possibility of occurrence of war in future It may bring social change /political system/ Liberation / freedom/ Institutional changes Government change Changes in political map / geographic shape/

In conclusion
War is not a matter of choice, but the question of survival. In most cases parties enter in to war when lack peaceful solution. How ever, not all wars start as the last resort It is based on the policy and objectives of the party / government / of the day to up-hold the countrys national interest

What would be the solution to abolish future wars in general?

There is no one single solution common to all As contradictions and conflict of interests are unavoidable and it is difficult to solve all conflicts of interest peacefully, wars persist as a social phenomenon. Elimination of social classes is possible and in the classless society there will not be war; so, the society must struggle for class elimination.

2.5 Levels of war

War as a complex social phenomenon, it is not the task of the military organization alone but all human & material recourses of the nation are involved. War as a peculiar social phenomenon, it requires to have leadership and division of duties/ responsibilities at all its levels. .

Levels of war are: Strategic level of war. Operational level of war Tactical level of war.

Levels Of War
National Military Strategy

Strategic

National Policy/ Elements of National Power

Theater Strategy

Operational

Joint and Multinational Operations

OPLANs/OPORDs

Tactical

Unit TACTICAL battles and engagements

TTP

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Levels Of War
Strategic level
Joint and Multinational Operations Operational level National Policy/ Elements of National Power

Tactical

Unit Operations and Tactics

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a) Strategic level of war: is the level of war which determines the national security objectives. Establish objectives; sequence initiatives; defines limits and assess risk for the use of military and other instruments of national power Encompasses the whole activates of mobilizing and preparing the armed forces, planning and conducting war in the interests of the nation.

b) Operational level of war: Is the level of war where the linkage between strategic level of war (strategic objectives) and the tactical application of combat power. Provides intermediate category of military activity of WHEN, WHERE and HOW to fight It is the level at which campaigns and major operations are planned conducted and sustained to achieve strategic objectives Sequence events, initiate actions, apply resources and sustain to achieve operational objectives Uses tactical results to achieve strategic objectives

C. Tactical level of war

The level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or taskforces Activities at this level focus on the ordered arrangement and manoeuvre of combat elements in relation to each other and to the enemy to achieve combat objectives Employs fire power and manoeuvre, integrates all arms Involves commanders and combatants creativity and judgment Commanders at this level are concerned objectives set at operational level

Principles of War

4. Principles of War
Are not created overnight. Developed and refined in the long history of war and serve as a guide in today's conduct of war. They may vary in number and name but similar in their content. Do not guarantee victory Are not checklists to be followed The serve at all levels of war in interrelated manner They do not apply in the same way to every situation They summarize the characteristics of a successful operation Greatest value lies in the education of the military professional

Uks Principles of war

Selection and Maintenance of Aim Maintenance of Morale Offensive Action Surprise Concentration of Force Economy of Force Security Flexibility Cooperation Sustainability According to UK doctrine publication of 2005

Soviet/Russian principles
Preparedness Initiative Capability Cooperation Concentration Depth Morale Obedience Steadfastness Security Logistics

Chinese Principles of War

Full Preparation Know your enemy, know yourself Initiative Concentration of Force Comprehensive Assault Catch the enemy Unaware Close coordination Continuous fighting All round Support Bring the political Superiority in to Play

US Principles of war as Universal Principles

Objective offensive mass economy of force manoeuvre unity of command simplicity security surprise

I.OBJECTIVE:
No one starts a war --- or rather, no one in his senses ought to do so ---- without first being clear in his mind what he intends to achieve by that war. Clausewitz Direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive and attainable objective Operational and tactical objectives contribute to the goal of HHQ (STRATEGIC) Cdrs. Should have clear understanding of the expected outcome & its impact At strategic level .having clear vision of the End-State including the political dimension

II. *OFFENSIVE:
They are essential to maintain the freedom of action necessary for success. Clausewitz Seize, retain & exploit the initiative.

Is key to achieve decisive results

Offensive actions are those taken to dictate the nature, scope, and tempo of operation Cdrs. Use offensive actions to impose their will on enemy, adversary, or situation Offensive operations are essential to maintain freedom of action for success, exploit vulnerabilities, react to changing situations

III. MASS:
Concentrate the effects of combat power at the decisive place & time. Massing the effect of combat power to overwhelm enemies to gain control of the situation Massing in time applies elements of combat power on multiple targets simultaneously Massing in space concentrate the effects of different elements of combat power on a single target.

IV. ECONOMY OF FORCE:

Allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts. It is the reciprocal of Mass

Requires accepting prudent risks in a selected area to achieve superiority in decisive operations
Involves the discriminating employment and distribution of forces

Never leave any element without purpose

V. MANEUVER:
Place the enemy in a disadvantageous position through the flexible application of combat power. Concentrate and disperse combat power to place and keep enemy at a disadvantage Makes enemy confront new problems and dangers faster than they react, thus keeps enemy off balance Manoeuvre allows to gain and preserve freedom of action, reduce vulnerability and exploit success.

 VI. UNITY OF COMMAND:

For every objective, ensure unity of effort under one responsible commander. Unity of Command directs and coordinates the actions of all forces towards a common objective. In the absence of command authority commanders cooperate, negotiate and build consensus to achieve unity of effort.

 VII. SECURITY:
Never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected advantage. Security protects and preserves combat power Security results from measures taken by a command to protect the unit from surprise, interference, sabotage, ..etc annoyance. Military deception enhances security

 VIII. SURPRISE:
Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which he is unprepared. Reciprocal of Security Results from action for which an enemy is unprepared Powerful, but temporary combat multiplier Not essential making enemy unaware but let him to late

 IX SIMPLICITY
Prepare clear and uncomplicated plans and clear, concise orders to ensure thorough understanding Simplicity reduces misunderstanding and confusion Multinational operation put emphasis on simplicity.