Unit I: Introduction

Introduction
What is Environmental Engineering? Environment: Air, water, (& ambience, in general) Engineering: Design/ Problem Solving What is Scope of this Course? Learn water treatment (very broad in itself) Why is it necessary to get Clean, Drinking

Water?

Health concerns Aesthetics

Necessity of planned water supply

Water Uses: Household (bathing, cleaning, drinking, washing,..) Industrial: electricity, boilers, .. Irrigation Public uses: fountains, gardens, road cleaning. Fire fighting Health & aesthetics concerns Comfort level (due to/absence of planning) Resource planning (water as resource) City Development & future growth

Characteristics of ideal water source

Quantity: sufficient.. (rainfall dependant)

Quality: as good as possible

Availability: possibly year-round Economics: inexpensive source development Distance: close enough to demand

locations Intervening area slopes: not too much variation (piping & pumping costs) Elevation: possibly gravity flow..

Sources of water supply

Surface Sources

Rivers & streams Lakes & Ponds Impounding/storage Reservoirs Oceans (need desalination, expensive)
Wells & tube-wells Springs Infiltration wells & galleries

Sub-surface Sources

Hydrologic Cycle

Rain is chief source of surface water in India

Surface: Rivers & Streams

Streams: use depends on available quantity.

Rivers: primary source in India. Preferably perennial (year-round supply) Non-perennial: use storage reservoir Quantity: Rainfall dependent Quality: depends on proximity to cities.. Solids from bed erosion, e.g., silt, clay.(inorganic) Organic: vegetation, dead animals, etc.

Requires treatment. Chief Sources of water supply in India

Surface: Lakes & Ponds

Natural depression filled with water.. Lakes are larger in size than ponds. Quantity: depends on catchment area (area

that drains into a particular basin) Quality: Self-purification due to suspension sedimentation, color bleaching, removal of bacteria,.

Older lakes have purer water Still water may have issues (e.g., eutrophicationcolor, odor, taste, smell..)

Surface: Impounding/Storage reservoirs

Storage/impoundment behind a dam/retaining

wall. (generally, multi-purpose design) Quantity: depends on design Quality: generally better

Sedimentation due to storage. (removal of inorganic impurities) Addition of organic impurities: algal/microbial growth in still waters

Mass-curve method for Storage capacity determination: Tutorial session

Subsurface: Wells & Tubewells

Wells: Open/Dug wells

Open Well: Open masonry wells, low discharge (quantity & velocity)

Shallow & Deep: Hand pump..

Tubewells: Bore-wells (machine bored or

manual bore)

Cavity type & Screen type Higher discharge

Well development: Increasing the well discharge by alternating pumping; back flow (water/air);.

Subsurface: Springs
Natural outflow of water at surface. E.g., Sohna, Manikaran Outcrop of water table

1. Gravity spring: gravity flow (water table above datum due to elevation changes) 2. Surface Spring: underlying impervious layer exposes GW to surface. 3. Artesian spring: GW under pressure flows out on its own

Subsurface: Infiltration wells & Galleries

Gallery: Horizontal, shallow tunnels along

river bank, through water-bearing strata.

Water extracted through porous pipes. Water stored to a sump well and pumped.

Infiltration wells
Shallow wells along river bank

Open at the bottom

Jack well: receives water from various

infiltration wells.

Subsurface sources
Quantity: usu. good for smaller communities

(few exceptions: Mumbais lake supply, etc.) Quality:

Generally better than surface waters Filtration through the strata: removal of suspended impurities & microbes.. More dissolved minerals, generally Hard water

Water Collection: Intake structures

For safe withdrawal of raw water from source over a

given range of pool levels and discharge into withdrawal conduits. Location:

Near treatment plant, minimize conveyance cost In purer water zone, minimises treatment cost Never in vicinity or downstream of waste discharge location Scope for future expansion Year round withdrawal possibility Easy accessibility Never on curves

Types
Simple submerged intake

Intake tower Wet intake tower Dry intake tower

Canal intake

Assignment: Unit-I
What do you understand by Environmental

Engineering? What are the responsibilities of an environmental engineer? Compare & contrast the surface and subsurface sources of water?

Due Date: Jan 23