Compression Members

Compression Members
Compression members are susceptible to BUCKLING

BUCKLING Loss of stability
Axial loads cause lateral deformations (bending-like deformations)
P is applied slowly
P increases
Member becomes unstable -
buckles
Column Theory
Axial force that causes Buckling is called Critical Load and is
associated to the column strength
P
cr
depends on

Length of member
Material Properties
Section Properties
Column Theory - Euler Buckling
2
2 2
L
EI n
P
cr
t
=
Column Theory - Euler Buckling
( )
2
2
2
2
, 1
r
L
EA
L
EI
P n
cr
t t
= = =
gyration of radius = =
A
I
r
Assumptions

Column is perfectly straight

The load is axial, with no eccentricity

The column is pinned at both ends
No Moments
Need to account for other boundary conditions
Other Boundary Conditions
( )
2
2
2
r
L
EA
P
cr
t
=
( )
2
2
5 . 0
r
L
EA
P
cr
t
=
( )
2
2
7 . 0
r
L
EA
P
cr
t
=
Fixed on bottom
Free to rotate and translate
Fixed on bottom
Fixed on top
Fixed on bottom
Free to rotate
Other Boundary Conditions
In general
( )
2
2
r
KL
EA
P
cr
t
=
K: Effective Length Factor
LRFD Commentary Table C-C2.2 p 16.1-240
Effective Length Factor
Column Theory - Column Strength Curve
AISC Requirements
CHAPTER E pp 16.1-32
Nominal Compressive Strength
g cr n
A F P =
AISC Eqtn E3-1
AISC Requirements
LRFD
n c u
P P | s
loads factored of Sum =
u
P
strength e compressiv design =
n c
P |
0.90 n compressio for factor resistance = =
c
|
AISC Requirements
ASD
c
n
a
P
P
O
s
loads service of Sum =
a
P
strength e compressiv allowable = O
c n
P
1.67 n compressio for factor safety = = O
c
AISC Requirements
ASD Allowable Stress
a a
F f s
g a a
A P f stress e compressiv axial computed = =
cr
cr
c
cr
a
F
F F
F
6 . 0
67 . 1

stress e compressiv axial allowable
= =
O
=
=
Design Strength
Alternatively
( )
e
e
F
E
r
KL
r
KL
E
F
2
2
2
t
t
=
=
y
F
E
r
KL
71 . 4 s
y e
F
E
F
E
71 . 4
2
s
t
y e
F F 44 . 0 >
Inelastic Buckling
In Summary

>
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 or
71 . 4 658 . 0
otherwise F
F F
F
E
r
KL
if F
F
e
y e
y
y
F
F
cr
e
y
200 <
r
KL
LOCAL BUCKLING
A. Flexural Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Inelastic Buckling
Yielding
B. Local Buckling Section E7 pp 16.1-39
and B4 pp 16.1-14
C. Lateral Torsional Buckling
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Local Stability:
If elements of cross section are thin LOCAL buckling occurs
The strength corresponding to any buckling mode cannot be developed
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Local Stability:
If elements of cross section are thin LOCAL buckling occurs
The strength corresponding to any buckling mode cannot be developed
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Local Stability:
If elements of cross section are thin LOCAL buckling occurs
The strength corresponding to any buckling mode cannot be developed
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Stiffened Elements of Cross-Section
Unstiffened Elements of Cross-Section
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Compact
Section Develops its full plastic stress before buckling
(failure is due to yielding only)

Noncompact
Yield stress is reached in some but not all of its compression elements
before buckling takes place
(failure is due to partial buckling partial yielding)

Slender
Yield stress is never reached in any of the compression elements
(failure is due to local buckling only)
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

If local buckling occurs cross section is not fully effective
Avoid whenever possible
Measure of susceptibility to local buckling
Width-Thickness ratio of each cross sectional element:
If cross section has slender elements - >
r

Reduce Axial Strength (E7 pp 16.1-39 )
Slenderness Parameter - Section B5 pp 16.1-12


Cross Sectional Element
Stiffened Unstiffened
b
h
t
w
t
=b/t=b
f
/2t
w
=h/t
w
Slenderness
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-16
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-17
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-18
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
Slender Cross Sectional Element:
Strength Reduction E7 pp 16.1-39
Reduction Factor Q:
Q: B4.1 B4.2 pp 16.1-40 to 16.1-43

>
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 or
71 . 4 658 . 0
otherwise F
QF F
QF
E
r
KL
if F
F
e
y e
y
y
F
QF
cr
e
y
Slender Cross Sectional Element:
Strength Reduction E7 pp 16.1-39
Reduction Factor Q:
Q
s
, Q
a
: B4.1 B4.2 pp 16.1-40 to 16.1-43

>
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 or
71 . 4 658 . 0
otherwise F
QF F
QF
E
r
KL
if F
F
e
y e
y
y
F
QF
cr
e
y
Q=Q
s
Q
a
Example I
Investigate a W14x74, grade 50 in compression for local stability
W14x74: b
f
-10.1 in, t
f
=0.785 in
FLANGES - Unstiffened Elements
( )
( )
43 . 6
785 . 0 2
1 . 10
2
2
= = =
f
f
f
f
t
b
t
b
43 . 6 5 . 13
50
000 , 29
56 . 0 56 . 0
>
= = =
y
r
F
E

Flange is not slender, OK

Example I
Investigate a W14x74, grade 50 in compression for local stability
W14x74: b
f
-10.1 in, t
f
=0.785 in
WEB - Stiffened Element
( )
4 . 25
450 . 0
38 . 1 2 2 . 14
2
2
=

=
f
des
w
t
k d
t
h
4 . 25 9 . 35
50
000 , 29
49 . 1 49 . 1
>
= = =
y
r
F
E

Web is not slender, OK

Example I
Investigate a W14x74, grade 50 in compression for local stability
W14x74: b
f
-10.1 in, t
f
=0.785 in
PART 1 Properties: Slender Shapes are marked with c
Example II
Determine the axial compressive strength of an HSS 8x4x1/8 with an effective
length of 15 ft with respect to each principal axis. Use Fy=46 ksi.
HSS 8x4x1/8
A
g
=2.70 in
2
r
x
=2.92 in
2
r
y
=1.71 in
2
h/t=66.0

b/t=31.5

7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
Example II
HSS 8x4x1/8
A
g
=2.70 in
2
r
x
=2.92 in
2
r
y
=1.71 in
2
h/t=66.0

b/t=31.5

7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
Maximum 200 3 . 105
71 . 1
12 15
< =

= =
y
r
KL
r
KL
OK
3 . 105 118
46
000 , 29
71 . 4 71 . 4 > = =
y
F
E
Inelastic Buckling
( ) ( )
ksi 81 . 25
3 . 105
000 , 29
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t
r KL
E
F
e
ksi 82 . 21 46 658 . 0 658 . 0
81 . 25
46
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
F
F
cr
F F
e
y
kips 91 . 58 ) 70 . 2 ( 82 . 21 = = =
g cr n
A F P
Nominal Strength
Example II
HSS 8x4x1/8
A
g
=2.70 in
2
r
x
=2.92 in
2
r
y
=1.71 in
2
h/t=66.0

b/t=31.5

7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
Local Buckling
0 . 66 15 . 35
46
000 , 29
40 . 1 40 . 1 = < = =
t
h
F
E
y
SLENDER
Example II
HSS 8x4x1/8
A
g
=2.70 in
2
r
x
=2.92 in
2
r
y
=1.71 in
2
h/t=66.0

b/t=31.5

7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
Local Buckling
Stiffened Cross-Section Rectangular w/ constant t
Q
s
=1.0
f
E
t
b
40 . 1 >
eff
n
A
P
f =
Code allows f=F
y
to
avoid iterations

A
A
Q
eff
a
= AISC E7.2
Case (b) applies provided that
A
eff
: Summation of Effective Areas of Cross section based
on reduced effective width b
e
Example II
Aeff:
b
e
b
f
E
t b f
E
t b
e
s
(

=
/
38 . 0
1 92 . 1
( )
in 8 in 784 . 4
46
000 , 29
0 . 66
38 . 0
1
46
000 , 29
116 . 0 92 . 1
= s
=
(

=
b
b
e
Example II
7.652 in
8 in
1.5 t = 0.1875
Aeff:
b
e
Loss of Area
( ) ( )( )
2
in 6654 . 0 116 . 0 784 . 4 652 . 7 2 2 = = t b b
e
2
in 035 . 2 6654 . 0 70 . 2 = = =
lost g eff
A A A
Example II
Loss of Area
( ) ( )( )
2
in 6654 . 0 116 . 0 784 . 4 652 . 7 2 2 = = t b b
e
2
in 035 . 2 6654 . 0 70 . 2 = = =
lost g eff
A A A
Reduction Factor
7535 . 0
70 . 2
035 . 2
= = =
A
A
Q
eff
a
( ) 7535 . 0 7535 . 0 1 = = =
a s
Q Q Q
Example II
Local Buckling Strength
r
KL
QF
E
y
= > = = 3 . 105 2 . 136
46 ) 7537 . 0 (
000 , 29
71 . 4 71 . 4
( ) ( )
ksi 81 . 25
3 . 105
000 , 29
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t
r KL
E
F
e
( )
ksi 76 . 19 46 658 . 0 7535 . 0 658 . 0
81 . 25
46 7535 . 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
F
QF
cr
F Q F
e
y
kips 35 . 53 ) 70 . 2 ( 76 . 19 = = =
g cr n
A F P
Nominal Strength
Inelastic Buckling
Same as before
Example II
Local Buckling Strength
kips 35 . 53 ) 70 . 2 ( 76 . 19 = = =
g cr n
A F P
Nominal Strength
Lateral Flexural Buckling Strength
kips 91 . 58 ) 70 . 2 ( 82 . 21 = = =
g cr n
A F P
CONTROLS
LRFD
( ) kips 0 . 48 35 . 53 90 . 0 = =
n c
P |
ASD
kips 0 . 32
67 . 1
35 . 53
= =
O
n
P
Column Design Tables
Assumption : Strength Governed by Flexural Buckling
Check Local Buckling
Column Design Tables

Design strength of selected shapes for effective length KL
Table 4-1 to 4-2, (pp 4-10 to 4-316)

Critical Stress for Slenderness KL/r
table 4.22 pp (4-318 to 4-322)