The Skeletal System

Functions of the Skeletal system

Support Protection Movement Blood cell formation Storage of calcium Storage of fat

Structure of Long Bone

Articular

cartilage hyaline

cartilage Compact bone haversian system Spongy bone red bone marrow Red bone marrow production of red blood cells Yellow bone marrow adipose tissue Periosteum connective tissue membrane
Long bone from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f64c_gross_anatomy_of__c.jpg

Compact Bone

Haversian system/ Osteon

Osteocyte in lacunae Spider-shaped cell in tight space

Haversian canal Longitudinal channel containing small blood vessels and nerve fibers

Canaliculi Projections of the osteocyte for nutrients and communication

Haversian system from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Compact_bone__ground_cross_section.jpg

Spongy Bone

Comprised of traberculae (small plates of osseous tissue) and red bone marrow Located at the epiphysis of long bone and the center of other bones
Trabercula

Spongy bone from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Spongy_bone_-_trabecules.jpg

ACTIVITY

Activity 4.1.1 Bone anatomy Activity 4.1.2 The structure of Bone

Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton is composed of the: Skull

Cranium and facial bones Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

Vertebrae

Ribs

and sternum

Joints of the Skull

The bones are the skull (except for the mandible) a joined at fibrous, immovable joints called sutures

Lambdoid suture Separates the occipital (O) from the parietal bones (P)

Suture from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%2 0lectures/Motor%20Systems/immovable_joint.jpg

Fontanelles
Fontalnelles areas where bone formation is incomplete; flexible regions that allow the skull to compress during the birth process

Fetal skulls from: http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/skeletal/bones_skull_fetal.jpg & http://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/pics/Fetal%20Skull%20co py.jpg

Skull

Anterior skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f74t_anterior_view_of__c.jpg

Skull

Lateral skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f76t_lateral_view_of_t_c.jpg

Skull

Internal skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f79t_superior_view_of__c.jpg

ACTIVITY

Activity 4.2.1 Skull bones Activity 4.2.2 Birth of a baby Activity 4.2.3 Skull tutorial Activity 4.2.4 Skull quiz

Vertebrae

Except for C1 and C2, each has: a body, spinous process, two transverse processes and a vertebral foramen Curvatures Primary thoracic and sacral Secondary cervical and lumbar

Vertebral column from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f728_vertebral_column_c.jpg

Atlas and Axis

Atlas and axis: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f730c_axis_and_atlas_p_g.jpg

Types of Vertebrae
B TP TP VF SP VF SP VF SP TP B B

Note the differences of the three bones in respect to the: 1. Body (B) 2. Transverse process (TP) 3. Spinous process (SP) 4. Vertebral foramen (VF) Vertebrae from: http://www.anatomy.tv/StudyGuides/images/vertebrae.jpg

Thoracic cage

Thoracic cage from: your Memmlers textbook pg. 102 (see how important your text is!)

ACTIVITY

Activity 4.3.1 Human Anatomy Vertebral column Activity 4.3.2 Vertebral column tutorials Activity 4.3.3 Vertebral column quizzes Activity 4.3.4 Thoracic cage tutorials Activity 4.3.5 Thoracic cage quizzes

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle Arm, forearm and hand Pelvic girdle Thigh, leg and foot

Pectoral girdle

Pectoral girdle from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20 lectures/Motor%20Systems/pectoral_girdle.jpg

Scapula

Scapulas from: http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/scapula%20left.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Scapula_post.jpg

Scapula

Scapulas from: http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/scapula%20left%202.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Scapula_ant.jpg

Clavicle

Clavicles from: http://abondok.jeeran.com/Upper_limb/00clavicle.jpg and http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/~wolexik/Clavicle-superior.jpg

Articulations

X ray of Pectoral girdle from: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.should er.1.jpg

Humerus

Humerus from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f84a_right_humerus_ant_c.jpg

Ulna and radius

Ulna and radius from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Skeletal/sele cted_bones/radius_ulna_dis_PB060017_lbd.JPG

Hand

Hand from: http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/hand.jpg

ACTIVITY

Activity 4.4.1 Upper limb tutorials Activity 4.4.2 Upper limb quizzes

Pelvic Girdle

Pelvis from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f8-7_pelvis_c.jpg

Male vs. Female pelvis

Characteristic Illiac walls Bone thickness

Male More vertical Narrow Thicker (heavier)

Female More flared Wide Thinner (lighter)

Acetabula
Pubic angle

Larger; closer
Acute

Smaller; farther apart

Broader

Pelvic bones from: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3034/2283718939_0939370dc0.jpg

Male vs. Female pelvis

Characteristic Coccyx

Male Curved ventrally

Female Straighter

Pelvic bones from: http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/male_female.html

Femur

Femur from: http://www.medicalpages.co.uk/images/orthopaedics/femur-left-femurmedicalpages.jpg

Patella

Patella from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f812_patella_c.jpg

Tibia and fibula

Tibia and fibula from: http://www.medicalpages.co.uk/images/orthopaedics/tibia-andfibula-left-tibia-fibula-medicalpages.jpg

Foot

Foot from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20 lectures/Motor%20Systems/foot.jpg

ACTIVITY 5

Activity 4.5.1 Lower limb tutorial Activity 4.5.2 Lower limb quiz

The END

Refernces

Cohen, B. J. and J. J. Taylor (2009). Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Marieb, E. N. and K. Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.