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Exact velocity ratio Transmit large power Used for small centre
distances High efficiency Reliable service Compact layout
Require special tools and equipments to produce Improper cutting of teeth produce vibration and noise Lubrication is must
Driver pinion
Arc of recess: Portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end of the engagement of a pair of teeth.
Line of Action
Arc of approach
Arc of recess
Spur gear
Helical gear
Pressure Angle or Angle of Obliquity: Angle between common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact (line of contact) and the common tangent at the
pitch point.
Backlash: It is the difference between tooth space and the tooth thickness as measured along pitch circle. Theoretically backlash should be zero. But in actual practice some backlash must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth due to the tooth errors and thermal expansion.
It is a measure of the tooth strength. Higher the module bigger the size of the gear. More important, higher the module, wider the tooth at the base and larger the height of the tooth.
Center Distance
Module
Face width
Let Mt be the torque transmitted by the pinion Normal force on the tooth Fn = Torque / lever arm Radius of the base circle = d1 cos
Let q be the unit load i.e. Load per unit face width b
Though the normal load is shared by more than one pair of teeth for conservative design it is assumed that that the full load is taken by one tooth. This can be taken as the allowance for tooth inaccuracy and deflection of the tooth under load.
STRESS CONCENTRATION:
Load is not uniformly distributed over the line of contact due to:
Deformation of tooth Change of mutual position Inaccuracies in machining the gears, shafts and housing Assembly errors Let qmax be the maximum load
DYNAMIC LOAD:
Inaccuracies in contact due to inaccuracies of tools and tooth cutting machines lead to jerky motion of the gears. This causes angular accelerations and decelerations of the gears even though the angular
Minimum centre distance depends upon the surface compressive strength of the material
So induced surface compressive stress < Design surface compressive strength of the material
Therefore,
C = CB HB N/cm2 = CR RC N/cm2 CB and CR are constants depending on the material and heat treatment.
Also the design compressive strength depends on load conditions. Hence correction factor is introduced. Design surface compressive strength
[C ] = CB HB Kcl in N/cm2
[C] = CR HRC Kcl in N/cm2
[b] = [b] =
1.4
Gear materials
Commonly used materials cast iron and steel For large power transmission and reduction in size Alloy steel of Nickel, chromium & vanadium (with proper heat treatment to obtain sufficient surface strength) For corrosive environment Brass and bronze
Non metallic materials Laminated fabric, Bakelite and mica (to reduce noise)
Gear Failures
Teeth breakage: due to fatigue Pitting: hard and smooth working surfaces of the teeth reduce the danger of pitting Surface abrasion: due to sliding of the teeth Seizure: surface of the teeth mesh so tightly together causes particles of softer material to break away from the teeth surface and groove it.
Law of gearing
The common normal to the tooth profile at the point of contact should always pass through a fixed point, in order to obtain a constant velocity ratio.
Involute Profile
Cycloidal Profile
More than one pair of teeth are in engagement. Runs smoothly because of the gradual engagement of teeth. Higher peripheral speeds are permissible in
helical gears.
By providing another helical gear of opposite hand, the axial thrust can be
balanced. They are called as double helical or herringbone gears. Helix angle is helical gears are in between 8 and 25
Cos = mn / m
Therefore,
Cos = mn / m
Centre distance =