Unit I

Foundation of Information
System and Management

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MIS

IS

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Components of an Information Systems

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Components of an Information Systems

1. Resources of people (end users and IS specialists,

system analyst, programmers, data administrators
etc.),
2. Hardware (Physical computer equipments and
associate device, machines and media),
3. Software (programs and procedures),
4. Data (data and knowledge bases), and
5. Networks (communications media and network
support)
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Resources of An Information
Systems

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 People Resources

 End users-accountants, salesperson, engineers, clerks,

customers, or managers.
 IS Specialists-are people who actually develop and
operate information systems.
 They include systems analysts, programmers, testers,
computer operators, and other managerial, technical, an
clerical IS personnel.

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Hardware Resources

 Machines as computers and other equipment along

with all data media, objects on which data is recorded,
from sheets of paper to magnetic disks.
 Computer systems, which consist of central
processing units containing microprocessors, and a
variety of interconnected peripheral devices.
Examples are microcomputer systems, midrange
computer systems, and large mainframe computer
systems.
 Computer peripherals, which are devices such as a
keyboard or electronic mouse for input of data and
commands, a video screen or printer for output of
information, and magnetic or optical disks for storage
of data resources 7
Software Resources

 includes all sets of information processing

instructions.
 This generic concept of software includes not
only the sets of operating instructions called
programs, which direct and control computer
hardware,
 but also the sets of information processing
instructions needed by people, called
procedures
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Software Resources

 System software, such as an operating system

program, which controls and supports the
operations of a computer system.
 Application software, which are programs that
direct processing for a particular use of
computers by end users. Examples are a sales
analysis program, a payroll program, and a word
processing program.
 Procedures, which are operating instructions for
the people, who will use an information system.
Examples are instructions for filling out a paper
form or using a software package.
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Data Resources

 Data is raw material of information systems, database with

criteria:
 Comprehensiveness means, that all the data about the

subject are actually present in the database.

 Non-redundancy means, that each individual piece of

data exists only once in the database.

 Appropriate structure means, that the data are stored

in such a way as to minimize the cost of expected

processing and storage.
 The data resources of IS are typically organized into:
 Processed and organized data-Databases
 Knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and
case examples about successful business practices.
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Network Resources

 Telecommunications networks like the Internet, intranets,

and extranets.
 Telecommunications networks consist of computers,
communications processors, and other devices
interconnected by communications media and controlled by
communications software.
 Communications media
 Network support- people, hardware, software, and data
resources that directly support the operation and use of a
communications network.

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS
ACTIVITIES

 Input of Data Resources

 Processing of Data into
Information
 Output of Information Products
 Storage of Data Resources
 Control of System Performance
 Information Quality
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Input of Data Resources
 Data about business transactions ,captured
and prepared for processing
 data entry activities such as recording and
editing.
 End users typically record data, about
transactions on some type of physical medium
such as a paper form, or enter it directly into a
computer system.
 Variety of editing activities to ensure that they
have recorded data correctly.
 Once entered, data may be transferred onto a
machine-readable medium such as magnetic
disk or tape, until needed for processing. 14
Output of Information
Products
 Information in various forms is
transmitted to end users and made
available to them in the output
activity.
 Common information products
include messages, reports, forms,
and graphic images, which may be
provided by video displays, audio
responses, paper products, and 15
Processing of Data into
Information
 Data is typically subjected to
processing activities such as
calculating, comparing, sorting,
classifying, and summarizing.
 These activities organize, analyze,
and manipulate data, thus
converting them into information
for end users
 Quality of data,updation.
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Information Quality

 Info outdated, inaccurate, or hard to

understand would not be very
meaningful, useful, or valuable to you or
other end users.
 People want information of high quality,
that is, information products whose
characteristics, attributes, or qualities
help make it valuable to them.
 I as 3D time, content, and form.
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Storage of Data Resources

 Storage is a basic system

component of information systems.
 Storage is the information system
activity in which data and
information are retained in an
organized manner for later use.

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Control of System
Performance
 An information system should produce
feedback about its input, processing,
output, and storage activities.
 This feedback must be monitored and
evaluated to determine if the system is
meeting established performance
standards.
 Then appropriate system activities
must be adjusted so that proper
information products are produced for
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TYPES OF INFORMATION
SYSTEMS

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Types of IS
 For most businesses, there are a variety
of requirements for information.
 Senior managers need information to
help with their business planning.
 Middle management need more
detailed information to help them
monitor and control business activities.
 Employees with operational roles need
information to help them carry out their
duties.

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OSS
 It produce a variety of information products for
internal and external use in an organization.
 The role of a business firm's operations
support systems is to efficiently process
business transactions, control industrial
processes, support enterprise communications
and collaboration, and update corporate
databases.
 Operation support systems again can be
categorized as :
 Transaction processing systems
 Process control systems
 Enterprise collaboration systems

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OSS Types

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MSS
 When information systems focus on providing
information and support for effective decision-
making by managers, they are called
management support systems.
 Providing information and support for decision-
making by all types of managers (from top
executives to middle managers to project
supervisors) is a complex task.
 Conceptually, several major types of
information systems support a variety of
managerial end user responsibilities :
 Management information systems,

 Decision support systems, and

 Executive information systems.

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MSS Types

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