Prof.Dr.

Nadeem Feroze
Sana Zahid
The equation M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 is
exact if and only if M/y =N/x.
In this case there exists a function
w = f(x, y) such that f /x = M, f /y = N,
and f(x, y) = C is the required solution.
0 ) , ( ) , ( = + dy y x N dx y x M
dF dy
y
F
dx
x
F
=
c
c
+
c
c
General solution: F (x,y) = C
x
N
y
M
c
c
=
c
c
f(x, y) is found as follows:
evaluate M(x, y) dx treating y constant.
evaluate N(x, y) dy treating x constant.
The sum of all unlike terms in these two
integrals (including no repetitions) is f(x, y).

(2xy cos x) dx + (x
2
1) dy = 0 is exact as
M/y = 2x , N/x =2x.
Now integrate M considering y constant.
M dx = (2xy cos x) dx = x
2
y sin x,
Integrate N considering x constant
N dy = (x
2
1) dy = x
2
y y.
The solution is
x
2
y sin x y = C
A differential equation of the type,



Such an equation can be solved by making the
substitution u = y/x and thereafter integrating the
transformed equation as
|
.
|

\
|
=
x
y
f
dx
dy
is termed a homogeneous differential equation
of the first order.
) (v f
dx
dv
x v
dx
dy
= + =
}
+

= C
v v f
dv
x
) (
ln
C
6
H
6
+Cl
2
C
6
H
5
Cl +HCl
C
6
H
5
Cl+Cl
2
C
6
H
4
Cl
2
+ HCl
C
6
H
4
Cl
2
+ Cl
2
C
6
H
3
Cl
3
+ HCl
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Liquid benzene is to be chlorinated batch-wise by sparging
chlorine gas into a reaction kettle containing the benzene. If
the reactor contains such an efficient agitator that all the
chlorine which enters the reactor undergoes chemical
reaction, and only the hydrogen chloride gas liberated
escapes from the vessel, estimate how much chlorine must
be added to give the maximum yield of monochlorobenzene.
The reaction is assumed to take place isothermally at 55C
when the ratios of the specific reaction rate
constants are: k
1
= 8k
2
; k
2
= 30 k
3
Take a basis of 1 mole of benzene fed to the reactor and
introduce
the following variables to represent the stage of system at
time u,

p = moles of chlorine present
q = moles of benzene present
r = moles of monochlorbenzene present
s = moles of dichlorbenzene present
t = moles of trichlorbenzene present

Then q + r + s + t = 1
and the total amount of chlorine consumed is : y = r + 2s + 3t
From the mass balances : in - out = accumulation
Homogeneous Equations
Example
) ( .......... ..........
) .........(
) .........(
) .....( .......... 0
3
3 2
2 1
1
iv
d
dt
V ps k
iii
d
ds
V ps k pr k
ii
d
dr
V pr k pq k
i
d
dq
V pq k
u
u
u
u
=
=
=
=
q
q r
q
r
k
k
dq
dr
8
8
1 ) (
1
2

= =
v= r/q
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Diving equation (ii) by (i) to eliminate d
Hence the equation is homogeneous 1
st
order
differential equation


By substitution
1 ) (
1
2
=
q
r
k
k
dq
dr
dq
dv
q v
dq
dr
+ =
1
8
1
= + v
dq
dv
q v
) 8 7 ln( 7 / 8 ln ln + = v K q
7 / 8
8
7

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
q
r
K q
v= r/q
u=0, q=1, r=0
7 / 8
8 = K
) .......(
7
) ( 8
8 / 1
v
q q
r

=
) .........(
) ....( .......... 0
3 2
1
iii
d
ds
V ps k pr k
i
d
dq
V pq k
u
u
=
=
q
r
q
s
dq
ds
8 240
=
Solution:
Diving equation (iii) by (i) to eliminate d
1
st
order linear differential equation can be
solved by integrating factor method.
) )........( 210 239 29 (
239 29 7
240
240 / 1 8 / 1
vi q q q s +

=
y = r + 2s + 3t
q + r + s + t = 1
t=?
y=?
For any value of q , the
value of r and s can be found
from equation (v) and (vi)
q
r
q
s
dq
ds
8 240
=

An elevated horizontal cylindrical tank 1 m
diameter and 2 m long is insulated with asbestos
lagging of thickness l = 4 cm, and is employed as a
maturing vessel for a batch chemical process.
Liquid at 95C is charged into the tank and allowed
to mature over 5 days. If the data below applies,
calculated the final temperature of the liquid and
give a plot of the liquid temperature as a function
of time.

Liquid film coefficient of heat transfer (h
1
) = 150 W/m
2
C
Thermal conductivity of asbestos (k) = 0.2 W/m

C
Surface coefficient of heat transfer by convection and
radiation (h
2
) = 10 W/m
2
C
Density of liquid () = 10
3
kg/m
3

Heat capacity of liquid (s) = 2500 J/kg

C
Atmospheric temperature at time of charging = 20

C
Atmospheric temperature (t) t = 10 + 10 cos (tu/12)
Time in hours (u)
Heat loss through supports is negligible. The thermal
capacity of the lagging can be ignored

T represents the bulk liquid temperature
T
w
represents the inside wall temperature of the tank
T
s
represents the outside surface temperature of the lagging
T
T
w

T
s

t
Rate of heat loss by liquid = h
1
A (T - T
w
)
Rate of heat loss through lagging = kA/l (T
w
- T
s
)
Rate of heat loss from the exposed surface of
the lagging = h
2
A (T
s
- t)
Area of tank (A) = (t x 1 x 2) + 2 ( 1 / 4 t x 1
2
) = 2.5t m
2

) )......( ( ) ( ) (
2 1
i t T A h T T
l
kA
T T A h
s s w w
= =
t T T
s
674 . 0 326 . 0 + =
s w
T
l
k
T h
l
k
h T + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
1 1
) (
2 1 2 1
1
t T
k h k h l h h
kh
t T
s

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ =
At steady state, the three rates are equal:
Equating 1
st
two rates
Substituting the value of T
w
in the last part of the equation
Simplifying the equation
) 12 / cos( 235 . 0 235 . 0 0235 . 0 0235 . 0 tu + = = +
u
t T
d
dT
Considering the thermal equilibrium of the liquid,
input rate - output rate = accumulation rate
u

d
dT
s V t T A h
s
= ) ( 0
2
) 674 . 0 326 . 0 ( 072 . 0 t t T
d
dT
+ =
u
integrating factor, e
0.0235u
} }
u tu + u =
u u u
d e d e Te ) 12 / cos( 235 . 0 235 . 0
0235 . 0 0235 . 0 0235 . 0
u
+ u + u + =
0235 . 0
e 262 . 0 sin 89 . 0 262 . 0 cos 08 . 0 10 K T
B.C. u = 0 , T = 95 K=84.92
u
u u
0235 . 0
92 . 84 262 . 0 sin 89 . 0 262 . 0 cos 08 . 0 10

+ + + = e T
0 25 50 75 100 125
Time (hr)
0
20
40
60
80
100
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
o
C
)
5days
15C
The 2
nd
term can only
contribute to +/- 0.08 C and
3
rd
term can only contribute
to +/- so these terms can be
neglected and the equation
can be simplified to
u 0235 . 0
85 10

+ = e T