CALCULUS

week 2
created by Mira Musrini B
week2
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Pre Test
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1. Define the matrix .
2. if A and B are matrices with same values of its entries
but have different sizes ,can sum of A+B be obtained?
Explain!
3. if A and B are matrices with different values of its
entries but have same sizes ,can difference of A-B be
obtained? Explain!
4. if A is 2x3 matrix and B is 3x2 matrix . is AB=BA ?
Explain !

Matrix
Definition:
Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The
numbers in the array are called the entries of matrix.
some example of matrices are :

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| | | | 4 ,
3
1
,
0 0 0
0
2
1
3
2
, 3 0 1 2 ,
4 1
0 3
2 1
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(

e t
Matrix
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thus the general matrix 3x4 (A) might be written
as
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(
(
(

34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
3x4 , means size of row is 3 and size of column
is 4
A=
matrix
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5 Definition: Two matrices are defined to be equal if they have
he same size and their coresponding entries are equal.
for example , consider the matrices


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(

=
(

=
(

=
0 4 3
0 1 2
5 3
1 2
3
1 2
c B
x
A
if x=5 ,then A=B ,but for all other values of x the matrix A
are not equal . there is no value of x for which A=C
since A and C have different sizes.
operations on matrices
Definition: if A and B are matrices of the same size, then the sum A+B
is the matrix obtained by adding the entries of B to the coresponding
entries of A.

Matrices of diferent size cannot be added. Consider the matrices
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(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
2 2
1 1
5 4 2 3
1 0 2 2
1 5 3 4
0 7 2 4
4 2 0 1
3 0 1 2
C B A
(
(
(

= +
5 3 0 7
3 2 2 1
4 5 4 2
B A
the expressions A+C ,B+C are
undefined
operations on matrices
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Definition: if A and B are matrices of the same size, then the difference
A-B is the matrix obtained by subtracting the entries of B from the
coresponding entries of A.
Matrices of diferent size cannot be subtracted. Consider the matrices

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(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
2 2
1 1
5 4 2 3
1 0 2 2
1 5 3 4
0 7 2 4
4 2 0 1
3 0 1 2
C B A
(
(
(

=
5 11 4 1
5 2 2 3
2 5 2 6
B A
the expressions A-C ,B-C
are undefined
Scalar multiplications of matrix
Definitions: If A is any matrix and c is any scalar , then the
product cA is the matrix obtained by multiplying each entry of A
by c.
In matrix notation, if A=[a
ij
] , then (cA)
ij
=c(A
ij
)=ca
ij .
Consider the matrices:


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(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
4 0 1
1 2 3
3
1
5 3 1
7 2 0
) 1 (
2 6 2
8 6 4
2A
have we , then
12 0 3
3 6 9
5 3 1
7 2 0
1 3 1
4 3 2
C B
C B A
It is common pratice to denote (-1)B by -B
Multiplications of matrices
Definition: If A is an mxr matrix and B is rxn matrix then the
product AB is the mxn matrix whose entries are determined
as follows. To find the entry of row i and column j of AB, single
out row i of matrix A and column j from matrix B. Multiply
coresponding entries from the row and column together and
then add up the resulting products

Consider the matrices















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(
(
(

=
(

=
2 5 7 2
1 3 1 0
3 4 1 4
0 6 2
4 2 1
B A
Since A is 2x3 matrix and B is 3x4 matrix , the product AB is 2x3
matrix. To determine ,for example , the entry in row 2 and column
3 of AB , we single out row 2 from A and column 3 from B.
The illustrations is given in the next slide .
Multiplications of matrices
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Multiplications of matrices
The computations of remaining
products are:
(1.4)+(2.0)+(4.2) = 12
(1.1)-(2.1)+(4.7) =27
(1.4)+(2.3)+(4.5) = 30
(2.4)+(6.0)+(0.2) =8
(2.1)-(6.1)+(0.7)=-4
(2.3)+(6.1)+(0.2) =12
(

=
12 26 4 8
13 30 27 12
AB
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Multiplications of matrices
if A is general mxr matrix and B is general rxn matrix, the entry of
(AB)
ij
is given by :
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Properties of multiplications of matrices
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For real numbers we have ab=ba which is called
the commutative law for multiplications. For
matrices ,however, AB is not equal to BA.
For example, AB is defined but BA is undefined.
This is the situations if A is 2x3 matrix and B is
3x4 matrix then AB is 2x4 matrix, but on other
hand BA is not defined.
other cases , AB and BA are both defined but
have diferent sizes . This is the situations if A is
2x3 matrix and B is 3x2 matrix, then AB is 2x2
matrix and BA is 3x3 matrix.
Properties of multiplications of matrices
consider:
BA AB thus
0 3
6 3
4 11
2 1
gives g multiplyin
0 3
2 1
3 2
0 1
=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
BA AB
B A
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Properties of operations matrices
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Assuming that the sizes of matrices are such that the
indicated operations can be performed , the following rules of
matrices arithmatic are valid.
(a)A+B=B+A (commutative law for addition)
(b) A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C (distributive law for addition)
(c) A(BC)=(AB)C (distributive law for multiplication)
(d) A(B+C)=AB+AC (left distributive law )
(e) (B+C)A=BA+CA (right distributive law)
(f) A(B-C) = AB-AC (right distributive law)
(g) (B-C)A = (BA-CA)
(h) a(B+C)=aB +aC
(i) a(B-C )= aB-aC
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Properties of operations matrices
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Assuming that the sizes of matrices are such that the
indicated operations can be performed , the following rules of
matrices arithmatic are valid.
(j) (a+b)C=aC+bC
(k) (a-b)C = aC - bC
(l) a(bC) = (ab)C
(m) a(BC)=(aB)C = B(aC)

Types of matrices
Zero matrices such as

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(

(
(
(

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
Types of matrices
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indetity of matrices are square matrices with 1s on main
diagonal and os off the main diagonal .
(
(
(
(

(
(
(

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0
0 1
A matrix of this form is called identity matrix and is denoted by I.
If it is important to emphasize size then we shall write I
n
, for the
nxn matrix.
identity matrix can be identified as :


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Types of matrices
| |

= =
= =
=
j i if a
j i if a
a
ij
ij
ij
1
0
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a
AI
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a
A I
a a a
a a a
A
=
(

=
(
(
(

=
=
(

=
(

=
(

=
23 22 21
13 12 11
23 22 21
13 12 11
3
23 22 21
13 12 11
23 22 21
13 12 11
2
23 22 21
13 12 11
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
and
1 0
0 1
then
matrix he consider t
Types of matrices

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Triangular matrix
A Square matrix in which all the entries above main diagonal are zero is
called lower triangular matrix. and a square matrix in which all the
entries below main diagonal are zero is called upper triangular matrix.
Types of matrices
Symetric matrix
A Square matrix A is called symmetric if A=A
T

the following matrices are symmetric ,since each is equal to its own transpose:

(
(
(
(

(
(
(

4
3
2
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
7 0 5
0 3 4
5 4 1
5 3
3 7
d
d
d
d
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Types of matrices
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illustrations of symmetric matrix
Types of matrices
inverse of matrices
Definition : if A is square matrix , and if a matrix B is the same size can be found
that AB=BA=I then A is said to be invertible and B is called inverse of A


I BA
I AB
A B
=
(

=
(

=
=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
1 0
0 1
3 1
5 2
2 1
5 3
and
1 0
0 1
2 1
5 3
3 1
5 2
ce sin ,
3 1
5 2
of inverse an is
2 1
5 3
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Types of matrices
diagonal matrix
a Square matrix in which all of the
entries off the main diagonal are zero
is called the diagonal matrix:

(
(
(
(

(
(
(

8 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 4 0
0 0 0 6
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
5 0
0 2
(
(
(
(

n
d
d
d
... 0 0
: : : :
0 ... 0
0 ... 0
2
1
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A general nxn diagonal matrix D can be written as
System of Linear Equations
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there are two types of System of linear Equations :
(a) non homogenous system of linear equations
(b) homogenous system of liniear equations

an example of non homogenous system of linear equations is :

an example of homogenous system of linear equations is :

non homogenous system of Linear Equations
there are three posibilities of solutions of non homogenous System
of linear equations :
(a)no solutions
(b)one solutions
(c)infinitely many solutions
consider the non homogenous system of liniear equations :

zero) both not and (
zero) both not and (
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
b a c y b x a
b a c y b x a
= +
= +
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the graph of these equations are lines ; call them l
1
and l
2
there are three
posilibilities
illustrations non homogenous system of Linear
Equations
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The lines l1 and l2 may be paralel, in which case there is no
intersections and consequently no solution to the system

illustrations non homogenous system of Linear
Equations
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The lines l1 and l2 may intersect at on ly one point, in which case the
system has only one solution

illustrations non homogenous system of Linear
Equations
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The lines l1 and l2 may conincide, in which case there are infinitely
many solutions to the system

homogenous System of Linear Equations
there are two posibilities of solutions of homogenous System of linear
equations :
(a)one solutions (trivial )
(b)infinitely many solutions (non trivial)
consider the homogenous system of liniear equations
zero) both not are , ( 0
zero) both not are , ( 0
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
b a y b x a
b a y b x a
= +
= +
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the graph of the equations are lines trough the origin.
illustrations homogenous System of Linear
Equations
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trivial solutions of homogenous system of liniear equations


illustrations homogenous System of Linear
Equations
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nontrivial solutions of homogenous system of linear equations


POST TEST
1.consider matrices



determine : 3A-5B+C
2. consider matrix



determine AB and BA
is AB equal to BA ?

(

=
(

=
(

=
1 0 2
1 0 1
1 0 9
1 2 1
2 0 1
4 1 3
C B A
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
3 2 1
2 1 3
1 0 1
1 0 0
1 3 3
1 1 2
B A
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